Time of infection

The biopolymer cutin is a major constituent of the plant cuticle that provides a protective covering for plants (1,2). At the time of infection, a number of fungal pathogens secrete an extracellular hydrolytic enzyme, cutinase, which facilitates the degradation of cutin into its constituent Ci6-to Cig-length hydroxy fatty acids (3,4). Since the enzyme is believed to... 

Wong et al. [100] reported that very low multiplicities of infection could be used with the model (3-Galactosidase baculovirus/insect cell system. They proposed the Cell Yield Concept stating that choosing the appropriate TOI (time of infection) it is possible to achieve the optimal cell yield for whatever MOI is chosen. 

Miller, D.G., Adam, M.A. and Miller, A.D. (1990) Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol. Cell Biol., 10, 4239 1242. 

From the tail vein, small amounts of blood for monitoring systemic bacterial dissemination from the local site of infection can be collected at different times of infection without the need to kill the animal (see Note 10) ... 

McClellan, W. D. and Hewitt, B. (1973). Early Botrytis rot of grapes Time of infection and latency of Botrytis cinerea Pers. in Vitis vinifera L. Phytopathology 63,1151-1157. 

HCV transmission is primarily through exposure to infected blood. Most patients do not show symptoms acutely after infection, and approximately 15% will clear the infection. The remaining 85% will be chronically infected. Of those chronically infected, about 20% will develop cirrhosis of the liver. Alcohol consumption, coinfection with hepatitis B and/or HIV, older age at time of infection, and male gender are factors that increase the risk for progressive liver disease. HCV accounts for about one third of hepatocellular carcinoma cases in the United States. 

It is assumed that at the time of infection (to) all microcarriers are completely covered with cells, which corresponds to the maximum cell concentration... 

MOI, multiplicity of infection TOI, time of infection TOH, time of harvest. 

The development of effective treatments for TSE diseases remains problematic. A number of compounds have been identified that can prolong the lives of scrapie-infected rodents if administered before or near the time of infection. These compounds include various polyanions (e.g., pentosan polysulfate (Kimberlin and Walker, 1986 Lado-... 

Kimberlin, R.H., and Walker, C.A. (1983). The antiviral compound HPA-23 can prevent scrapie when administered at the time of infection. Arch. Virol. 78, 9-18. 

An adenoviral production process with HEK-293 and PER.C6 is a two-phase process. In the first phase, cultures are started at an appropriate seeding density (e.g., 0.3 X 10 cells/mL) and allowed to grow until a cell density around 0.5-1 x 10 cells/mL is reached. The second phase starts at this point with the infection of the culture at a ratio of virus titer to cell density (known as multiplicity of infection—MOI) adequately chosen (e.g., MOI = 10). An exchange of medium is usual, but not mandatory, before infection [111-113]. The cell density at the time of infection is a crucial parameter, with specihc viral particle productivity (IVP/cell) usually dropping for cell densities higher than 0.5 x 10 cells/mL [80], After infection, viral particles propagate and accumulate in the cells with maximum titers ( 10 °-10 VP/mL) typically obtained 48 hours postinfection (hpi). Maximum cell densities of 1 x 10 cells/mL have been reported [111]. Loss of viability and cell death ensue thereafter [80],... 

The client may develop resistance to antibiotics if they are taken all the time antibiotics will be prescribed during times of infection. 

The overall effect of bacteriophage contaminations is influenced by several factors related to the characteristics of the phage itself as well as the timing of infection relative to the stage of the fermentation process. Consequently, independent infections even with the same phage can result in different outcomes. Thus, minor contaminations can only result in extended fermentation times and decreased solvent yield, whereas more severe infections can lead to complete cessation of the fermentation and/or nearly complete cell lysis within hours. 

Although lipid barriers are common outside the capsids of viruses (and inside as well for poxviruses), no lipids are associated with adenoviruses or reoviruses. Enzymes are frequently present. Neuraminidase, in myxoviruses, releases sialic acid 5.15) from a glycopeptide widely present in mucus. Vaccinia virus (a poxvirus) contains the enzyme RNA polymerase which enters the host cell at the time of infection. A herpesvirus has adenosine triphosphatase. Lysozyme is common in phages. Carbohydrates, other than the pentose that forms part of the nucleic acids, have often been found. Analysis of purified herpes simplex virus showed proteins (70%), phospholipids (22%), DNA (6%), and carbohydrates (1.6%). 

Inhibition of protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells infected with EMC virus was observed at the same time that viral RNA synthesis reached its peak (Figure l). The shut-off of host protein synthesis, however, preceded this general inhibition of protein synthesis (see below). When cell extracts were prepared at different times after infection and tested for endogenous protein synthesis, a progressive loss of activity with time of infection was observed. A similar result was obtained in L-cells infected with EMC (Figure 2). 

For the identification of the EMC proteins in HeLa cells, Butterworth t used pulse-chase experiments done at a time of infection when host protein synthesis is blocked, and only the viral proteins are being formed. The stable EMC proteins were identified after 1 h chase with cold amino acids. In an attempt to obtain a purified EMC replicase containing an assumed EMC stable protein we carried out a similar experiment. A suspension of 1.5 X 1q9 infected BHK cells was maintained for 4 h in a methionine-deficient medium, containing actinomycin I) (10 ng/ml). 

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