Influenza viruses avian

Major Applications Diagnosis of hematologic cancer, nongastric diseases, detection of genetically modified wheat, chromosomes, gene expression, nucleic acid, hepatitis A virus, avian influenza vims subtype H5 and H5Nl,io SARS virus, herpex simplex virus ... 

An interesting feature of the influenza virus sialidase active site that offers the potential for developing inhibitors specific for N1 sialidases, including avian influenza A/H5N1 virus sialidase, has recently been revealed by X-ray crystallography. The... 

Chong AK, Pegg MS, Taylor NR, von Itzstein M (1992) Evidence for a sialosyl cation transition-state complex in the reaction of sialidase from influenza virus. Eur J Biochem 207 335-343 Cinatl J Jr, Michaelis M, Doerr HW (2007a) The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1). III. Antiviral therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 196 203-212... 

Hurt AC, lanneUo P, Jachno K, Komadina N, Hampson AW, Barr IG, McKimm-Breschkin JL (2006) Neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant and -sensitive influenza B viruses isolated from an untreated human patient, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 1872-1874 Hurt AC, Selleck P, Komadina N, Shaw R, Brown L, Barr IG (2007) Susceptibility of highly pathogenic A(H5N1) avian influenza viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes. Antiviral Res 73 228-231... 

Avian influenza A virus No significant protection Isomura et al. 1982 Phillpotts et al. 1984... 

Two neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir) are approved for prevention and treatment of infections with both influenza A and B viruses as discussed in chapter by Itzstein and Thomson, this volume. Oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) has gained most use because it can be taken orally, whereas the current formulation of zanamivir has to be inhaled. In addition, the WHO reconunends oseltamivir for treatment of clinically confirmed cases of H5N1 and for post-exposme prophylaxis to control recent H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks. 

Xu, J. Suarez, D. Gottfried, D. S., Detection of avian influenza virus using an interferometric biosensor, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389, 1193 1199... 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

Avian influenza H5N1 is an infectious disease of birds. It can cause two distinct forms of disease one is mild while the other is deadly. The virus is thought to be spread by migratory birds. Animals, especially farm poultry/animals, that lie under the migratory paths of the birds can become infected. To date, culling is the most effective means of controlling the spread of avian influenza in domestic poultry/animals. 

What are the characteristics that make the influenza virus, for example, avian influenza, a potential pandemic agent ... 

Avian influenza is extremely deadly, with a 60% fatality rate for infected human cases to date. The virus may become even more deadly through the process of reassortment and gradual adaptive mutation. 

Outbreaks of avian influenza starting near the beginning of the present century have posed the danger of a pandemic of disease comparable to that which swept the world in the late teens of the twentieth century. Dire results have been predicted should the virus mutate so as to be readily transmitted to, and by, humans. The research occasioned by this threat has led to several compounds that halt the replication of the influenza A (H5N1) virus. The final step in the replication of the virus comprises the extrusion of new virions from infected cells by way of buds on the cell membrane. The proteolytic enzyme sialidase, also known as neuramindase. 

The worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza virus has raised the concern of its potential to emerge as a human-adapted virus. Three decades of intense research have yielded only two NA inhibitors, Relenza and Tamiflu , that... 

The present invention generally relates to colloidal silver, and more particularly to a composition of colloidal silver and a method for using said composition as an agent against organisms harmful to the health of humans—in particular avian influenza virus ( bird flu ). 

The present invention is generally directed to the use of silver, at a level of 5 to 40 ppm in water, to kill or to disable microorganisms, such as avian influenza virus, which are hazardous to human beings. The present invention specifically is directed to compositions comprising silver particles, said particles comprising an interior of elemental silver and an exterior of ionic silver oxide, and water, wherein the silver particles are placed in colloidal suspension in the water at a level of 5-40 ppm total silver. An embodiment of the present invention comprises silver particles in water, at a concentration of 5-40 ppm, wherein more... 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiviral properties of the inventive silver colloids (10 ppm and 32 ppm) against Influenza A (HINT) virus or Avian Influenza A (H3N2) virus ( bird flu ) when exposed (in suspension) for a specified exposure period(s). The protocol used is a modification of the Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Intended for Special Applications (ASTM E1052). 

The RMK cell line, which exhibits cytopathic effect (CPE) in the presence of Influenza A(H1N1) or Avian Influenza A (H3N2) virus, was used as the indicator cell line in the infectivity assays. Cells in multiwell culture dishes were inoculated in quadruplicate with 0.1 ml of the dilutions prepared from test and control groups. Uninfected indicator cell cultures (cell controls) were inoculated with test medium alone. The cultures were incubated at 36-38° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5-7% C02 in sterile disposable cell culture labware. The cultures were scored periodically for approximately seven days for the absence or presence of CPE, cytotoxicity and for viability. 

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