Vines, American

After mothproofing wool, the next logical step for Geigy was to invent an insecticide that killed more kinds of pests. Imported natural insecticides made from plants, including pyrethrum from tropical chrysanthemums, rotenone from a tropical vine, and nicotine from tobacco, could be quite expensive they were also not persistent and were easily destroyed by light and heat. American and European attempts to synthesize their active ingredients had failed. Arsenic compounds remained the only cheap and effective insecticides. 

La Vine, R., Guidelines for Safe Storage and Handling of High Toxic Hazard Materials, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY (1988). 

R.H. Myers, A.L. Khuri and G.G. Vining, Response surface alternatives to the Taguchi robust parameter design approach, American Statistician, 46 (1992) 131-139. 

The advances in disease control made in Europe and the associated increases in crop yields prompted further research in the US. Whilst the ensuing collaborative efforts of the French and American pathologists undoubtedly impacted upon the development of, in particular, copper and sulfur fungicides, such opportunities for travel between continents are never missed by Nature and it is likely that the appearance in France at that time of Guignardia bidwellii, another pathogen of vines native to the New World, was no coincidence. 

Sbl. 2-19-58—newly cultivated vine variety European x American. b Vine leaves of the same variety. c Not identified for certain. 

Features Stem rough, hairy, freely branched, climbs several feet by numerous curling tendrils. Leaves vine-like, five- or seven-lobed, coarse and rough. Flowers (May to September), white, green-veined, in axillar panicles. Berries scarlet when ripe. Branched root one to two feet long, white internally and externally. Not to be confused with American Mandrake (q.v.). 

Barney and his sons started uprooting the old vines and replanting with Cabernet Sauvignon and the native American Zinfandel. They harvested the grapes and sold them on to small home winemakers throughout the country. At some point along the way, they decided to make their own wine, and in 1968, two of the sons, Jim and John, converted an old barn into a winery. That year the Fetzer family produced 2500 cases of their first batch of wine. Barney s motto was to make wines people can drink every night . Their hefty reds soon earned them a reputation for quality wines at reasonable prices. 

Figure 10.1. A food chain constructed of a nutrient (glucose), a bacteria A. vine-tandii) living on that nutrient, and a ciliate (T. pyriformis) feeding on the bacteria a sustained oscillations b convergence to a steady state. (From [JDFT], Copyright 1973, American Society for Microbiology. Reproduced by permission.)...

Pierce s disease, a bacterial disease common in the South, is spread by leafhoppers. Infected vines typically show scorched, dried leaves in midsummer, wilted dried fruit, and eventual death of the vine. There is no cure for this disease. Dig up infected plants and replant with disease-free stock. Muscadine grapes are resistant to Pierce s disease, as are the American grape cultivars Champanel , Herbemont , and Lenoir . 

A new oxoaporphine alkaloid is oxostephanine (38) from Stephania japonica. Imerubrine, found together with a variety of oxoaporphines and azafiuoranthenes in the South American vines Abuta imene and A. rufescens has been tentatively... 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Toxic alkaloid (o-tubocurare) found in South American woody vines including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tom-entosum... 

Chapter 3 by Mary D. Menachery surveys the alkaloids of South American Menispermaceae (moonseed family). Many different structural types are included in this family. The alkaloidbearing plants are woody-vines, shrubs, or small trees. Several of these species possess potent curare activity. The chemistry as well as pharmacology of these alkaloids is summarized. 

Alkaloid isolated from the seeds of Pergonum harrmala a plant from the Asian steppes now spread to the Mediterranean and South-East Asia. Similar material can be derived from Banisteri-opsis caapi an American vine-like plant. Caapi a snuff, is prepared from the stem. Other obscure names Ayahuasca or Yage from the root of Haemadictyon amazonicum. All said to contain dimethyltryptamine. Snuff or drink prepared from these sources produces violent inebriation, vomiting, tremor, convulsions. 

Analysis of fermented synthetic media revealed that AAP is also a secondary metabolite of S. cerevisiae yeasts together with o-aminopropiophenone and 3-(o-aminophenyl)-prop-l-en-3-one (Ciolfi et al., 1995). Methylanthranilate also contributes to the typical hybrid-foxy taint of American hybrid and wild vine wines. It was found in some V. vinifera white wines in concentration >0.3 gg/E (Rapp and Versini, 1996). 

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