Vicia roots

Application of [2- C]IAA to the cotyledon of etiolated 5-day-old broad been (Vicia faba L. cv Chukyo) seedlings resulted in accumulation of radioactive substances in the root primordia and in the stele of the basal part of the roots [24, 25]. Two metabolites being more polar than lAA-Asp accounted for 70-80% of total radioactivity in the root after 24-h treatment, and they were not extracted with ether in acid pH. After hydrolysis with 2 M HCl or 7 M NaOH, their radioactive moieties were extracted with ether, but they did not coincide with lAA. We purified the two substances from Vicia roots and identified them as 3-(0-)S-glucosyl)-2-indolone-3-acetylaspartic acid (Glc-DIA-Asp) and 3-hydroxy-2-indolone-3-acetylaspartic acid (DIA-Asp) [26, 27]. The DIA moiety is converted into 2-quinolone-4-carboxylic acid (QCA) by acid hydrolysis and the UV spectrum of QCA is quite different from that of DIA, which is in contrast with the conversion of OxIAA into l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-quinolone-4-carboxylic acid without accompanying large spectral change. 

Nowacki J, Bandurski RS (1980) Myo-inositol esters of indole-3-acetic acid as seed auxin precursors of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol 65 422-427 Ohwaki Y, Tsurumi S, Nagao M (1974) Auxin transport in Vicia roots. In Plant growth substances 1973. Hirokawa, Tokyo, pp 1071-1078 Osborne DJ (1968) A theoretical model for polar auxin transport. In Vardar Y (ed) The transport of plant hormones. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 97-107 Osborne DJ (1974) Hormones and the shedding of leaves and bolls. Cotton Grow Rev 51 256-365... 

Thomson KSt, Hertel R, Muller S, Tavares JE (1973) 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid In vitro binding to particulate cell fractions and action on auxin transport in corn coleoptiles. Planta 109 337-352 Thornton RM, Thimann KV (1967) Transient effects of light on auxin transport in the Avena coleoptile. Plant Physiol 42 247-257 Tsurumi S, Ohwaki Y (1978) Transport of " C-labeled indoleacetic acid in Vicia root segments. Plant Cell Physiol 19 1195-1206... 

Figure 2 Structures of flavonoids present in root exudates of host plants and inducing nod gene expression in rhizobia (1) as 3,5,7,3 -tetrahydroxy-4 -methoxyflavanone, inducer in Rhizohium legiiminosarum bv. viciae (2) as 3, 4, 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-flavone, inducer in Rhizohium melilotr, (3) as 4, 7-dihydroxyisoflavone, inducer in Bradyrhizohium japonicum (4) as couinestrol, intermediate in phenylpropane metabolism, weak inducer. (From Ref. 64.)...

Fig. 1. Root tip cells of Vicia faba (A), P. sativum (B) and A. cepa (C) treated with 10 mg/L of maleic hydrazide (MH) showing the presence of micronuclei (MN) and aberrant anatelophases (AAT). Magnification 400x.

Table 5. Frequency (%) on 30,000 cells for each treatment of micronuclei (MN) and aberrant anatelophases (AAT) in Vicia faba and Pisum sativum root tip cells treated with HA or FA alone... 

Ferrara G, Loffredo E, Simeone R, Senesi N (2000) Evaluation of antimutagenic and desmutagenic effects of humic and fulvic acids on root tips of Vicia faba. Environ Toxicol 15 513-517... 

The production of chromosomal abnormalities by ozone was first observed in plants by Fetner, who noted abnormal anaphases in the root tips of Vicia fava seeds exposed to ozone. Bacterial mutagenesis by ozone has been reported by a number of investigators. Hamelin and Chung noted an increased mutation rate in Escherichia coli exposed to ozone at as low as 0.05 ppm for 5 min and observed that the mutants were sensitive to ozone and X irradiation. They suggested that ozone might interact in DNA repair processes. Other studies indicating ozone-induced... 

Recourt K, van Tunen AJ, Mur LA, van Brussel AA, Lugtenberg BJ, Kijne JW. 1992. Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis in roots of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra plants by inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. Plant Mol Biol 19 411 420. 

Minton, N.A., Donnelly, E.D., Shepherd, R.L. Reaction of Vicia species and F hybrids from V. sativa x V. angustifolia to five root knot nematode species. Phytopathol 1966 56 102-107. 

Petersen, C.A., Emanuel, M.E., Humphreys, G.B. Pathway of movement of apoplastic fluorescent dye tracers through the endodermis at the site of secondary root formation in corn (Zea mays) and broad bean (Vicia... 

Vicia faba and other species Root-tip cytogenetics... 

Cytogenetic methods with plant root tips206—especially those of Vicia, Allium, and Hordeum—were widely used in the 1950s and 1960s to study the effects of chemicals on chromosomal structure and have played an important part in the development of cytogenetic tests in genetic toxicology. 

In a first series of experiments Avena sativa, which had been a weed in rye fields before it became a so called secondary crop, Triticum aestivum and Vida faba L. roots or whole plants as model systems were incubated in presence of BOA [179]. All the three species were able to absorb the substance when 100 pM were applied. With 500 pM BOA Vicia faba failed in taking up and root tips were killed by the compound as indicated by blackening during the course of incubation. The cereals were still able to absorb BOA, Triticum aestivum without and Avena sativa with a lag phase of 10 - 15 h. In Avena sativa the uptake seems to be an active process, which succumbs under oxygen deficiency and, as ascertained by incubations in presence of only IpM BOA, takes place against the concentration gradient (Schulz and Wieland, unpublished). 

The combination of chromium trioxide and RF radiation has synergistic mutagenic effects upon Vicia faba root tip cells upon exposure. Mutagenesis is sharply elevated relative to treatment with chromium trioxide alone/35 ... 

Qian XW, Luo WH, Zheng OX. Joint effects of microwave and chromium trioxide on root tip of Vicia faba. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006 7(3) 221 7 [abstract only]. 

Abdel-Azeem EA. 1996. Selenium cytotoxicity in root meristems of vicia faba 1. Al-Azhar Bull Sci 7(l) 401-409. 

CDAA (N-N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) was reported to reduce mitosis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots nearly 90% after 96 h at 57 yM (38). Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) totally inhibited mitosis in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tips after an 18 h treatment with 75 yM (3 ). At 20 yM cell division was reduced approximately 50% and cell enlargement was reduced 40% in oat coleoptiles (39). After 24 h, 100 yM ioxynil (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile) reduced the mitotic index in broad bean (Vicia faba L. ) and pea root tips ( ). Few herbicides that inhibit cell division have been studied in adequate detail to locate the site of the block. A notable exception is the herbicide chlorsulfuron (DPX 4189, 2-chloro-N- [(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl -benzenesulfonamide) ( ). Ray reported a 50% reduction in corn growth 3 h after treatment with 28 yM chlorsulfuron. Mitosis in broad bean root tips was significantly reduced by 2.8 yM, whereas in three different tests, cell enlargement was not influenced with concentrations of 28 yM. Thymidine incorporation into DNA was inhibited in corn root tips after a 1 h treatment with... 

When staining is completed, which at 20°C takes 45-60 min, the roots are transferred to a clean slide. The number of roots to be used for each preparation depends on the size of the root and its meristem. One primary root or three lateral roots of Vicia or two roots of Allium bulbs, usually give a suitable amount of cells for one slide. On the slide, the dark-stained tips are separated from the rest of the root, crushed in a drop of 45% acetic acid with the flat end of an aluminum rod, and, finally, squashed under a coverslip. 

Schlaman, H.R.M., Gisel, A.A., QuaedvUeg, E.M. et al. 1997. Chitin oligosaccharides can induce cortical ceU division in roots of Vicia sativa when deUvered by baUistic microtargeting. Development, 124 4887-4895. 

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