Vibration mills

Solid-state [4 + 2] cycloaddition of fullerene C60 with condensed aromatics using a high-speed vibration milling technique [100]... 

Molecular weight distribution was analysed by gel chromatography (0.5 % AG) equipped with a Shodex Ohpak B 805 column (500 8 mm) with phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) using diffe-rential-refractometer/viscometer detection (Knauer). For calibration a pectin series from vibration milling was applied. 

Hard and tough Mica Scrap and powdered metals Jaw crushers Gyratory crushers Cone crushers Autogeneous mills Ball, pebble, rod and cone mills Tube mills Vibration mills Ball, pebble and cone mills Tube mills Vibration and vibro-energy mills Fluid-energy mills Moh s hardness 5-10, but includes other tough materials of lower hardness... 

All ball, pebble, rod and cone mills, edge runner mills, tube mills, vibration mills and some ring ball mills may be used wet or dry except where stated. The perl mills, sand mills and colloid mills may be used for wet milling only. 

Zeolite samples (NaY. Na-mordenite and Na-ZSM-5) were prepared in Research Institute for Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Gases in Bratislava. A mesoporous alumina, the carrier for reforming catalyst was used. Porosity of pure mesoporous alumina evaluated by t-plot method did not show the presence of micropores within the range of accuracy of 0.001 cm3/g. Mixtures of zeolites with mesoporous alumina were prepared on the base of dried samples in 5% steps. The prepared mixtures of alumina with zeolite were homogenized in vibration mill. 

A spectacular solid-state [2 + 2] dimerization reaction of Cso was discovered by Komatsu et al.[ul When a mixture of C6o and potassium cyanide is intimately ground by high-speed vibration milling, an unusual addition-elimination reaction involving the cyanide adduct 37 ensues which joins two ful-lerene moieties to afford the Q20 dimer 38 (Scheme 10). Presumably, the cyclodimerization involves... 

Ikeda A, Hayashi K, Konishi T, Kikuchi J (2004) Solubilization and debundling of purified single-walled carbon nanotubes using solubilizing agents in an aqueous solution by high-speed vibration milling technique. Chem. Commun. 1334-1335. 

The vibration mill has a very much higher capacity than a conventional mill of the same size, and consequently either smaller equipment may be used or a much greater throughput obtained. Vibration mills are well suited to incorporation in continuous grinding systems. 

Abstract More than a decade has passed since fullerenes became avaUahle to researchers in almost all fields of science. The explosive development of study on the chemical functionalization of fullerenes has led to a wide variety of fullerene derivatives. However, most of these reactions have been carried out in the liquid phase, and curiously enough the solid-state reaction (or solid-solid reaction) of fullerenes has been developed only in recent years. This chapter focuses on the solid-state reaction of fullerenes, particularly the reaction which was conducted under what is called high-speed vibration milling conditions. It will be shown how this reaction technique is pertinent for the creation of fullerene derivatives with novel structures, and how efficient this method is for certain reactions compared with the liquid-phase reaction. 

Recently, a solvent-free variation was found to be equally effective. The inorganic base Na2C03 was utilized to replace the organic base DBU in a mechanochemical reaction under high-speed vibration milling conditions [37]. The yields with diethyl bromomalonate are in the range 40-50%. 

The solid-state reaction of cyanide with using the high speed vibration mill ... 

Poly (methyl methacrylate) was also subjected to mechanical reaction in a vibrating mill in common solvent for several monomers (ethylene, acrylic acid and its esters, acrylonitrile and styrene) at temperatures from —196 to 20° C (22). The formation of macroradicals and their reactions were followed by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance). The macroradicals reacted with vinyl monomers at temperatures less than —100° C, while quinones underwent reaction as low as —196° C. The same experiments were performed also with polystyrene and polybutylenedimethacrylate. The radicals from polystyrene were more reactive than those from poly(methyl methacrylate). 

Acrylic acid can be used simultaneously as a monomer and as the solvent, the polyamide solution being frozen at dry ice temperature and ground in a vibration mill. The graft copolymer is said to be formed by mechanosynthesis and was confirmed by nitrogen analysis and solubility as well as swelling characteristics (5). 

The particle shape and size of the raw and ground powder samples of Sm2Fe17Ny (y 3) are shown in Figure 10.9. Ball-milling in solvents easily produces fine powder materials with smaller amounts of strain than materials obtained by solution-free ball-milling, vibrating milling, and jet... 

Nicholson and Thomas113) reported carbonized plastic foams containing 51% carbon, made from novolac or epoxy oligomers and phenolic microspheres. A dry charge of resin and filler is mixed in a vibrating mill, then placed in a mold, and heated at 150 °C for 3 hours under 2 x 10 Pa. 

Pressed disks were prepared from a mixture containing 300.0 mg of potassium bromide and 1.2 mg of coal. This mixture was ground in a vibrating mill for 30 sec and placed in a desiccator for 24 h. After drying, the mixture was pressed under vacuum for 1 min using 9000 kg of load. 

Silica powder was mechanically treated in a vibrational mill in an inert atmosphere at 300 or 77 K in a quartz vessel with milling balls made from quartz glass. Mechanical treatment of silica [9,10] is accompanied by the... 

The activation can be carried out by the chemical technique (with various reagents), the physical technique (with ultrasound with inert gas used to disperse liquid aluminum) or the mechanical technique (fine dispersion in a cavity, ball or vibration mill). 

Activation of aluminum in a cavity, ball or vibration mill. This activation technique should be used in nitrogen and in 5% solution of triethylaluminum in n-heptane, because aluminum suspension is easily transported through pipes and activated aluminum is protected from oxidation (with oxygen in air) during transportation and storage. Besides, wet grinding is less explosive than dry. Aluminum powder should be activated in the mill for 20-30 hours. The aluminum ground in a vibration mill is the most active. 

Direct synthesis. In the production of triethylaluminum by the one-stage technique (Fig.85) autoclave 6 with a jacket and shielded electric drive agitator is loaded with a suspension of aluminum powder (ground and activated in vibration mill 3) in n-heptane from batch box 5 and with a necessary amount of triethylaluminum from collector 10. The contents of the autoclave are heated to 135 °C the autoclave recieves a 1 1 mixture of ethylene and hydrogen. 

Fig. 85. Production diagram of triethylaluminum by the one-stage technique 7,5-batch boxes 2 - agitator 3 - vibration mill 4, 10 - collectors 6 - autoclave 7,0-receptacles 8 - centrifuge...

A typical task is the milling of minerals in the pm-range with power consumption of approximately 50 Wh kg-1. A tumbling ball mill would need 1 hour of milling time at a specific power input of 50 W kg-1 for the comminution, a stirred media mill would need 2 min at 1400 W kg-1, a vibration mill 40 s at 4500 W kg-1, and a planetary mill 5 s at 36,000 W kg-1 (Fig. 14.4). 

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