Vessel proximal

The SMC cell lineages are differently distributed in large elastic arteries Ect SMC are mainly localized in the vessels proximal to the heart (outflow tract and aortic arch arteries), whereas Mes SMC are found in the distal part of the same arteries ([207] see also Fig. 11). One exception to this rule is represented by the formation of coronary arteries that are locally formed by ingrowth of epicardial layer precursors and subsequently connected to the root of the aorta [215]. This process is apparently carried out without the cellular contribution of cardiac neural crest, but this tissue is able to influence the spatial order of developing coronary arteries [218,219]. Future studies must address the point of comparing the process... 

Fig. 5.79a,b. Conventional angiography before and after selective obliteration of a basilar stem aneurysm located in the distal third of the vessel proximal to the origin of the superior cerebellar artery... 

Close proximity of hazardous process. High pressure vessels which may fail explosively. 

The fire area is assumed to be rectangular, and estimated from the dimensions of the vessels and assuming they were within close proximity of each other. Area source inputs to the model are ... 

Airway cross-sections have the nominal anatomy shown in Fig. 5.16. Airway surface liquid (AST), primarily composed of mucus gel and water, surrounds the airway lumen with a thickness thought to vary from 5 to 10 mm. AST lies on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (mostly columnar ciliated epithelium). This layer of cells, roughly two to three cells thick in proximal airways and eventually thinning to a single cell thickness in distal airways, rests along a basement membrane on its basal surface. Connective tissue (collagen fibers, basement membranes, elastin, and water) lies between the basement membrane and airway smooth muscle. Edema occurs when the volume of water within the connective tissue increases considerably. Interspersed within the smooth muscle are respiratory supply vessels (capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses), nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 

Sites of endothelin-receptor expression. ETA receptors are expressed in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular medial layer and the airways, in cardiac myocytes, lung parenchyma, bronchiolar epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cells. ETB receptors are expressed in endothelial cells, in bronchiolar smooth muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells of certain vessels (e.g. saphenous vein, internal mammary artety), in the renal proximal and distal tubule, the renal collecting duct and in the cells of the atrioventricular conducting system. 

Self-expanding stents with a higher radial force (e.g., WingSpan, Boston Scientific Corp.) will probably play a key role in acute stroke cases related to intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Antegrade flow is essential for the maintenance of vascular patency, as particularly evident in patients with severe proximal stenoses who commonly develop rethrombosis after vessel recanalization. Furthermore, stenting of the proximal vessels may be required in order to gain access to the intracranial thrombus with other mechanical devices or catheters. In a recent series, 23 of 25 patients (92%) with acute n = 15) or subacute n = 10) ICA occlusions were successfully revascularized with this technique. " ... 

Proximal tubule cells are exquisitely sensitive to vasculat disturbances and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) can occur naturally in areas of poor perfusion resulting from falling blood pressure, or vasospasm of renal vessels or arterioles. In other words hypoxia associated with partial ischaemia can cause severe damage. It is not then surprising that anoxia associated with iatrogenic, surgically induced total ischaemia produces irreversible damage within a short time unless steps are taken to prevent it. 

MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells are derived from distal tubules, whereas LLC-PKi are from proximal tubes. b BMEC (brain microvessel endothelial cells) are isolated from capillaries. BPAEC (bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells), BAEC (bovine aortic endothelial cells), and HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) are large vessel endothelia. 

The lymphatic capillaries are close-ended vessels in close proximity to blood capillaries and, like blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. However, large gaps in between these cells allow not only fluid, but also proteins and particulate matter to enter the lymphatic capillaries quite readily. Once the fluid has entered these capillaries, it is referred to as lymph. Not surprisingly, the composition of this fluid is similar to that of the interstitial fluid. 

Diet and proximity to tributyltin affect butyltin concentrations in waterfowl (Kannan et al. 1998a). Seaducks that fed mainly on molluscs had higher concentrations of butyltins than predatory birds feeding on hsh, other birds, and small mammals. Continued exposure of birds to butyltin compounds occurs in harbors and marinas where tributyltin is used on vessels >25 m in length (Kannan et al. 1998a). 

Shape selectivity and orbital confinement effects are direct results of the physical dimensions of the available space in microscopic vessels and are independent of the chemical composition of nano-vessels. However, the chemical composition in many cases cannot be ignored because in contrast to traditional solution chemistry where reactions occur primarily in a dynamic solvent cage, the majority of reactions in nano-vessels occur in close proximity to a rigid surface of the container (vessel) and can be influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the vessel walls. Consequently, we begin this review with a brief examination of both the shape (structure) and chemical compositions of a unique set of nano-vessels, the zeolites, and then we will move on to examine how the outcome of photochemical reactions can be influenced and controlled in these nanospace environments. 

A widely distributed fixed tissue cell, the mast cell, is particularly prevalent in organs with a high percentage of connective tissue [20] and is most numerous in the skin and in the linings of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, tissues which interface with the external environment. In these various locations, mast cells are frequently found in close proximity to small blood vessels and nerves [20]. This prominence of the mast cell in tissues that interface with the external world is strategic to its role as the sentinel cell of the... 

The rate of absorption from an SC injection site may be retarded by immobilization of the limb, local cooling to cause vasoconstriction, or application of a tourniquet proximal to the injection site to block the superficial venous drainage and lymphatic flow. In small amounts, adrenergic stimulants, such as epinephrine, will constrict the local blood vessels and, therefore, slow systemic absorption. Conversely, cholinergic stimulants (such as methacholine) will induce very rapid systemic absorption subcutaneously. Other agents may also alter their own rate of absorption by affecting local blood supply or capillary permeability. 

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