Contraction dependence

Potassium permanganate does not oxidize the sulfur atom in dibenzo[ft,/]thiepin (1), rather attacking the C —C double bond, which is very similar in reactivity to that in (Z)-stilbene, to provide various oxidation products, formed from ring opening or ring contraction, depending upon the acetone or water reaction medium.20... 

Normal cardiac contraction depends on the conduction of electrical impulses through the myocardium in a highly coordinated fashion. Any abnormality of the initiation or propagation of the impulse is referred to as an arrhythmia. These disorders are the most common clinical problem encountered by a cardiologist. There is a wide range of types of arrhythmias with multiple etiologies and a variety of symptoms. In this section, two types of cardiac tachyarrhythmias are discussed. The most common treatment for these conditions is drug therapy. 

Our knowledge of smooth muscle contraction depends on the use of model systems including cell lines, freshly cultured cells, multicellular tissues and whole organs. It is important to consider possible artefacts and, generally, the extent to which these models accurately reproduce the behaviour of smooth muscle in vivo,... 

Phospholamban is a protein that inhibits the SERCA pumps by decreasing their affinity for Ca2+. It can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A, for instance in response to /1-adrenoceptor activation, resulting in inhibition of its effects and enhanced SERCA activity. The effects of phospholamban on contraction depend on the relative importance of Ca2+ uptake or release in the smooth muscle in... 

The inverse effect - if a charge is applied to one face of the section and an equal but opposite charge to the other face then the whole section of crystal will either expand or contract depending on the polarity of the applied charges. 

The primary fuel used to support muscle contraction depends on the magnitude and duration of exercise as well as the major fibers involved. Skeletal muscle has stores of both glycogen and some triglycerides. Blood glucose and free fatty acids also may be used. 

The rhythm of heart contractions depends on many parameters condition of pacemaker cells and the conduction system, myocardial blood flow, and other factors consequently, arrhythmia can originate for different reasons that are caused by disruptions in electrical impulse generation or conduction. They can be caused by heart disease, myocardial ischemia, electrolytic and acid-base changes, heart innervation problems, intoxication of the organism, and so on. 

Such oxidation-controlled molecular motion has also been used to produce molecular muscles out of [3]rotaxanes such as 108 (the wheel portion of which has been attached to a surface) which either expand or contract depending on the oxidation state (Scheme 11) <2005JA9745>. 

Muscle contraction depends on the availability of ATP. ATP can be generated from two ADP molecules (myokinase), from creatine phosphate (high-energy phosphate bond), and from glucose via glycolysis. 

Boonen and De Mey [105] investigated G-proteins involvement in the resistance of arterial smooth muscle to contractile agonists. AlF41 induced contractions dependent on the presence of Ca2+. Increased PIP2 breakdown and the generation of inositol phosphates after the action of A1F4 1 was observed [106] in permeabilized vascular smooth muscle. 

The final contractor s costs on a reimbursable contract depend on total hours, actual salaries, and mark-ups. The latter is the only contractually... 

Further gravitational contraction (depending on the mass of the stars) —> further increase of temperature — carbon burning, oxygen burning, liberation of neutrons by photons —> (n,)>) reactions... 

Figure 34.14. Sliding-Filament Model. Muscle contraction depends on the motion of thin fdaments (blue) relative to thick fdaments (red). [After H. E. Huxley. The mechanism of muscular contraction. Copyright 1965 hy Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.]... 

From these examples it will be clear that the stress in a cooled glass rod, prevented from contracting, depends on the magnitude of the fraction of the total length cooled and on the amount of cooling. 

Because our contract depends on timeliness, give me a preliminary report that includes the following as soon as possible ... 

The pharmaceutical physician will be very familiar with certain types of contracts, depending on his/her role within the company. Examples include agreements with contract research organisations, contracts for the sale of the finished pharmaceutical product and licensing or distribution agreements. 

The initial sensors and subsequent signal transduction systems of hypoxic vasoconstriction (HPV) remain an area of intense investigation (21,22). At the cellular level, pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM) contraction depends on an increase in cytosolic calcium from the extracellular space as well as release from intracellular stores, and membrane depolarization due to closure of K+ channels. Many argue that the mitochondria is a primary oxygen sensor such that electron transport chain inhibitors can specifically inhibit HPV and/or prevent the hypoxia-specific response. Reactive oxygen species are also implicated in HPV. Two different models are proposed one describes an increase in mitochondrial ROS mediated via increased intracellular calcium release, and the second describes a decrease in mitochondrial ROS mediated via inhibition of the Kv channel (Figure 8.2). 

Skeletal muscle is specialized to perform intermittent mechanical work. As described previously, the energy sources that provide ATP for muscle contraction depend on the degree of muscular activity and the physical status of the individual. During fasting and prolonged starvation, some skeletal muscle protein is degraded to provide amino acids (e.g., alanine) to the liver for gluconeogenesis. 

The shear cell is filled in a standard manner to produce a powder bed with a constant bulk density. A vertical (normal) force is applied to the powder bed and a horizontal force applied to the moveable ring. As the powder bed moves due to the horizontal shear stress, it will change volume, either expanding or contracting depending on the magnitude of the vertical force. A series of tests are performed to determine the vertical load under which the bed remains at constant volume when sheared, referred to as the critical state. Once the critical state has been determined, a series of identical specimens are prepared, and each is sheared under a different vertical load, with all loads being less than the critical state. 

The air in Galileo s device was the thermometric substance, and its expansion or contraction depended upon changes in atmospheric pressure as well as temperature. Because of this, it is more properly called a barothermoscope, although its dependence on barometric fluctuations was not recognized until after the invention of the barometer in 1643 (Roller, 1960, pp. 12—13). Galileo also fitted his barothermoscope with a scale marking off degrees at pleasure, but he made no attempt to base the scale on standard temperatures that were reproducible. 

A second property of elastic materials (which also comes from Hooke s law) is an attempt to conserve volume. In other words, as the material stretches in one direction, it tends to contract in a perpendicular direction. The amount of contraction depends on both the width and the strain (see Figure 6.2) ... 

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