Vegetarian and vegan

Certain people may object to the finings used in wines on moral grounds, but the lack of relevant additives listed on the label make it impossible for the consumer to be able to choose. Permitted finings include isinglass (from the swim bladder of certain tropical fish, especially the Chinese sturgeon), egg albumen, gelatine (from animal bones), modified casein (from milk), tannin (from wood), chitin (from the shells of crabs or lobsters) or ox blood (rarely used today). Non-animal alternatives include bentonite, kieselguhr and kaolin clays, and silica gel or solution. 

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These recommendations are based on the complete digestibility of milk or egg protein. Protein from plant sources may be slightly less digestible, and the UK Department of Health recommends that vegetarians and vegans multiply the above figures by a factor of 1.1. 

Preservation Hall Vegetarian Cafe Bakery (752 Elmwood Ave., it 716-884-4242) is a Buffalo institution. For 16 years, Preservation Hall has been serving vegetarian and vegan dishes. Tempeh fajitas, the super chili-burrito, and the kitchen... 

Organic groceries are easier to find. Everybody s Natural Foods Deli (503 Euclid Ave., s 606-255-4162), located near the University of Kentucky, has a midsized selection of organic foods and bin items. A deli serves sandwiches and salads, fresh juices and daily selections of vegetarian and vegan entrees. Two other natural food stores in town include Rainbow Blossom Natural Foods (Tates Creek Center, tr 606-273-0579) and Good Foods Co-op (439 Southland Dr., o 606-278-1813). 

Strict vegetarians and vegans will have a hard time here. Cream sauce and meat dishes come with the territory. On the other hand, partial vegetarians who eat seafood will enjoy the spicy crawfish, shrimp and fish Creole dishes for which the state is so famous. 

Russian Tea Time (77 E. Adams St., n 312-360-0000) is an all-hours downtown tradition. A lush red decor, piped-in Russian folk songs, and a waitstaff enthusiastic to the point of bursting makes Russian Tea Time both fun and unique. A somewhat-pricey menu contains Russian specialties with plenty of well-marked vegetarian and vegan options. A word to the wise for those expecting a quiet night out the restaurant s patrons tend to drink a bit more vodka than tea. 

Iodine Deficiency in Vegetarian and Vegan Diets Evidence-Based Review of the World s Literature on Iodine Content in Vegetarian Diets... 

Several studies found large inconsistencies between dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in vegetarians and vegans (Lightowler and Davies, 1998 Rauma et al., 1994, 1999). The most extreme example was a Finnish study of 9 vegans ( saxmzet al, 1994) mean dietary... 

These studies reflect the marked heterogeneity that can characterize vegetarian and vegan diets. In two studies, subjects were directed to avoid iodized salt, fish, seaweed and kelp, and iodine-containing processed foods, while only iodine-free beverages were provided (Abdulla et al, 1981 Remer et al., 1999). In these individuals, iodine... 

A conceptual challenge to evaluating the potential for iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans is the tendency... 

Strict vegetarians and vegans are likely to use iodine supplements. 

Pregnant vegetarians and vegans are a population at particular risk of iodine deficiency and should use iodine-containing prenatal vitamins. 

Seaweeds are a good source of some water- (Bj, B2, B,2, C) and fat-soluble (P-carotene with vitamin A activity, vitamin E) vitamins. To ensure that the adequate intake of all vitamins is received in the diet, people (especially peopleon specialdiet, strict vegetarians, and vegans) can consume foods enriched with vitamins, for example, in the form of functional foods with vitamins as nutraceuticals, extracted from natural sources such as seaweeds. Seaweed vitamins are important not only due to their biochemical functions and antioxidant activity but also due to other health benefits such as decreasing of blood pressure (vitamin C), prevention of cardiovascular diseases (P-carotene), or reducing the risk of cancer (vitamins E and C, carotenoids). 

Amino acid nutrition, however, is not just an issue for third-world countries. For various reasons people in more affluent societies restrict their diets, and vegetarian and vegan diets may contain insufficient quantities of first class protein. This is for rather similar reasons to the maize problem. Vegetarians often rely heavily on beans for their supply of protein, and beans, like maize, contain large amounts of single storage proteins intended for the young plant. It is risky, therefore to rely too heavily on one kind of bean. Varied sources of protein are essential for health. 

United Kingdom food consumption data for vegetarians and vegans showed that for high-level consumers of almonds, Brazil nuts, hazelnuts and pistachios, enforcing an ML of 20 pg/kg reduces total dietary AFT exposure when compared with no ML. Setting a lower ML would have little impact compared with the ML of 20 pg/kg. The dietary exposure from tree nuts assuming no ML was estimated to be 5.8 ng/kg bw per day. The estimate with an ML of 20 pg/kg would be 0.5 ng/kg bw per day and with an ML of 4 pg/kg would be 0.2 ng/kg bw per day. 

Vitamin Bj2 is used for the enrichment of some foods (such as breakfast cereals, soy products, energy bars and yeast extract spread) and which maybe the source of corrinoids for strict vegetarians and vegans. Along with other vitamins, vitamin Bjj is added to many multivitamin preparations and to food supplements. Cyanocobal-amin, which is used in most supplements, is readily converted into the coenzyme forms of cobalamin (methylcobalamin and 5 -deoxyadenosylcobalamin) in the human body. 

Well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets are nutritionally adequate for all people in all stages of life, so long as care is taken to include adequate protein, iron, vitamin Bi2> omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, calcium, iron, and zinc—nutrients sometimes lacking In animal-free diets. 

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