Varietals

Dry rosH types including Tavel and varietals such as Camay and Grenache... 

B) Without normally distinguishable varietal aromas California (etc) dry red table wine (burgundy, claret, chianti), Carignane, Charbono, Cinsaut, Malvoisie, Mourastel, Valdepenas. 

Sweet. California (etc) red table and sweet red table, proprietary types generally without specific fmit or varietal aroma unless Concord-type or fmit wines (blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, etc)... 

White wines not containing anthocyanin (red) pigments d) With (usually) distinguishable varietal aromas... 

Varietal labeling is an important quaUty factor in the United States, and indirectly elsewhere because only certain specific varieties are planted in each prestigious foreign area. U.S. law currently requires that 75% of the wine must come from the V. vinifera variety named on the label. Concord-type varieties only require 51%, owing to their intense, distinctive flavor. If more than one variety is named, the relative amounts must total 100%. 

Figure 1. Varietal Differences in Raspberries as Indicated by Transmittance of Centrifuged Juices...

Even a moderate quantity of salt reaching the leaves has a drastic effect on photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure, much more than could be accounted for by the average tissue concentration (Flowers etal., 1985). Salt may accumulate in the apoplast (because it is not taken up fast enough by the cells of the leaf), and this would result in severe localised water deficit (Oertli, 1968). Differences in apoplast/protoplast balance are thought to be responsible for varietal differences in tissue salt load which can be accommodated (tissue tolerance Yeo Flowers, 1986). The xylem concentration of Na" is very much lower to young leaves than to older leaves (Yeo et al., 1985). This is advantageous in salt resistance because it means that at least some leaves are protected from salt, which otherwise causes premature leaf death (Yeo Flowers, 1984 Fig. 2). 

Varietal differences exist in all of these characteristics, and it is our theory that parents conferring the required traits should be combined. Depending on heritability and combining ability, we may add together genes for a number of useful characteristics, and a variety more resistant than any which has arisen by chance should be produced. Salt resistance is thus... 

Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. var. meridonalis (Vain) Zahlbr. is a widespread lichen characterized by a lobed structure similar in appearance to alveolar tissue. As Gonzalez et al. (1994) pointed out in their introduction to a discussion of the chemistry of this lichen, its specific epithet reflects its use as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis following the Doctrine of Signatures. The varietal name was appended much later to specimens collected in the Philippines. 

Dhuique-Mayer, C. et al.. Varietal and interspecific influence on micronutrient contents in citrus from the Mediterranean area, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 2140, 2005. 

Abushita, A.A., Daood, H.G., and Biacs, P.A., Change in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 2075, 2000. 

In the wine industry, FTIR has become a useful technique for rapid analysis of industrial-grade glycerol adulteration, polymeric mannose, organic acids, and varietal authenticity. Urbano Cuadrado et al. (2005) studied the applicability of spectroscopic techniques in the near- and mid-infrared frequencies to determine multiple wine parameters alcoholic degree, volumic mass, total acidity, total polyphenol index, glycerol, and total sulfur dioxide in a much more efficient approach than standard and reference methods in terms of time, reagent, and operation errors. 

Pennington, N. et al., Red and white wine varietal authenticity using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, in Abstracts of Papers, 229th ACS National Meeting American Chemical Society, San Diego, CA, 2005. 

Varieties are very different in their susceptibility to disease, and this is of great importance to the organic farmer. It makes sense to consider a varietal diversification scheme and to select at least three varieties for every farm, so that each has a different resistance factor. These different varieties can be sown in adjacent fields. 

The two main species of commercial interest in the genus Coffea are Coffea arabica and Coffe a canephora var. robusta. They are conveniently referred to as Arabica and Robusta, respectively. Each genus covers a number of varietals there are at least 13 varieties of Arabica coffees, for example. The genus is in the botanical family of Rubiaceae. 

This chapter has compiled and evaluated information on the methylxanthine composition of cocoa and various chocolate foods and beverages, as well as the consumption pattern for these commodities. Cacao is the major natural source of the xanthine base theobromine. Small amounts of caffeine are present in the bean along with trace amounts of theophylline. Numerous factors, including varietal type and fermentation process, influence the methylxanthine content of beans. 

Varietal differences with regard to the amount of DDT present in the peel of harvested fruits sprayed at different times during the development of the fruit suggest the... 

De la Calle Garcia D, Reichenbacher M, Danzer K, Hurlbeck C, Bartzsch C, Feller K-H (1998) Use of solid-phase microextraction capillary gas chromatography (SPME-CGC) for the varietal characterization of wines by means of chemometrical methods. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 784... 

Ekgorg-Ott, K.H., Taylor, A., Armstrong, D.W. (1997). Varietal differences in the total and enantiomeric composition of theanine in tea. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 45, 353-363. 

Axberg K, Jansson G, Svensson G and Hult K (1997), Varietal differences in accumulation of ochratoxin Ain barley and wheat cultivars after inoculation of Penicillium verrucosum, Acta Agric. Scand., 47, 229-237. 

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