Variation, blind

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

Blind samples are types of sample which are inserted into the analytical batch without the knowledge of the analyst - the analyst may be aware that blind samples are present but not know which they are. Blind samples may be sent by the customer as a check on the laboratory or by laboratory management as a check on a particular system. Results from blind samples are treated in the same way as repeat samples - the customer or laboratory manager examines the sets of results to determine whether the level of variation, between repeat measurements on the blind sample or between the observed results and an expected value, is acceptable, as described in Section 5.4.3. 

There is additional evidence of wide variation in needs in the fact that high vitamin A intakes (much higher than the supposed normal) have been found beneficial in the treatment, in certain individuals, of skin lesions, night blindness, etc., when lower doses failed. Part of the difficulty in some cases may have involved faulty absorption. Even so, a difference in need is involved, and if one individual needs to consume ten times as much as another because of difficulty in absorption, the augmented need is just as real as if the difficulty involved some other step in utilization. 

The samples (minimum four batches) included in the study should cover the expected normal variation of the process (target 3 sigma). If the batches used do not represent the full and normal process variation, the calculations are based on a historical value for process variation. The same batches are analyzed by multiple analysts (minimum 2) in different laboratories (minimum 3) using their own instruments, reagents, and solvents. Each analyst performs the entire method as described. Every sample should be analyzed at least twice (with independent sample preparation) in the same run. The replicates should also be blinded and randomly tested. 

M12. Migeon, C. J., Tyler, F. H., Mahoney, J. P., Florentin, A. A., Castle, H., Bliss, E. L., and Samuels, L. T. The diurnal variation of plasma levels and urinary excretion on 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in normal subjects, night workers and blind subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 16, 622-633 (1956). 

Methanol is widely used as a solvent and as a denaturing agent for ethanol and is also found in antifreeze. Mass poisonings have occurred because of ingestion in alcoholic drinks made with contaminated ethanol as well as from accidental exposure. Inhalation and skin absorption may cause toxicity. In humans, about 10 mL can cause blindness and 30 mL is potentially fatal, but there is variation in the lethal dose. 

In a double-blind, crossover study of insulin aspart or soluble human insulin before meals and protamine zinc insulin before bedtime, 90 of 104 patients with type 1 diabetes completed the trial (5). Insulin aspart improved postprandial control by reducing hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic variations, but night-time control was inferior. There were 547 hypoglycemic episodes in the aspart... 

Eye Irritation. Because of the prospect of permanent blindness, ocular toxicity has long been a subject of both interest and concern. Although all regions of the eye are subject to systemic toxicity, usually chronic but sometimes acute, the tests of concern in this section are tests for irritancy of compounds applied topically to the eye. The tests used are all variations of the Draize test, and the preferred experimental animal is the albino rabbit. 

The 1992 Merbs Nathans paper addresses anomalous color vision based on a dichotomy, the possible complete absence of either the L-channel or M-channel chromophores of vision192. Their definition of a complete deutranope as one completely lacking a green, or M-channel, chromophore does not conform to the original definition of the term or as it is used in this work (Section 18.1). No report has been found in either the electrophysiological or psychophysical literature of any sighted human, color-blind or not, who totally lacked an operational M-channel in his visual system. At photopic levels of illumination, the most chromatically limited deutranope exhibits a luminous threshold function within the normal statistical variation of color normals. 

Structural alterations in chromosomes are influenced by variations in laboratory procedure, handling of blood samples, etc. It is imperative that control samples be processed concomitantly with samples from an exposed or other population of interest and that samples be scored blindly. For comparable results among laboratories, procedures must be rigidly followed. With those restrictions, observation of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes constitutes a very sensitive and effective end point for detecting genetic effects in small numbers of persons. 

Although the DPSC technique with UME has some advantages over fast CV with respect to cell time constant, ohmic drop, and slow heterogeneous kinetics, the technique has rarely been used. The main reason for this is that DPSC is a blind technique, where it is difficult to distinguish between a variation in the real response and experimental artefacts such as adsorption or changes in Cji. 

Another type of variation that can occur in Input-Processing in d-ASCs is the partial or total blocking of input from exterocepters or interoceptors. The d-ASC of deep hypnosis is an example. One can suggest to a talented, deeply hypnotized subject that he is blind, that he cannot feel pain, that he cannot hear, and experientially this will be so. The subject will not respond to a light or to objects shown him, and both during the d-ASC and afterward in his ordinary d-SoC, will swear that he perceived nothing. 

---