Variable region gene

Somatic hypermutation Mutations occurring in the variable region genes of the light and heavy chains during the formation of memory B cells. Those B cells whose affinity is increased by such mutations are positively selected by interaction with antigen, and this leads to an increase in the average affinity of the antibodies produced. 

Kodaira, M., Kinashi, T., Umemura, I., et al. (1986). Organization and evolution of variable region genes of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain. J. Mol. Biol., 190,529-541. 

Pascual, V., Capra, J.D. (1991). Human immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region genes, organization, polymorphism, and expression. Adv. Immunol., 49, 1-74. 

Schroeder, H.W., Walter, M.A., Hofker, M.F., et al. (1988). Physical linkage of a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene segment to diversity and joining region elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 8196-8200. 

Bentley, D.L. Rabbitts, T.H. (1980). Human immunoglobulin variable region genes—DNA sequences of two VK genes and a pseudogene. Nature 288,730-733. 

Early, P., Huang, H., Davis, M., Calame, K., Hood, L. (1980a). An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA VH, D and JH. Cell 19,981-992. 

Honjo, T., Packman, S., Swan, D., Leder, P. (1976). Quantitation of constant and variable region genes for mouse immunoglobulin X chains. Biochemistry 15, 2780-2785. 

Kofler, R., Geley, S., Kofler, H., Helmberg, A. (1992). Mouse variable-region gene families Compexity, polymorphism and use in non-autoimmune responses. Immunol. Revs. 128, 5-21. 

Komori, T., Okada, A., Stewart, V., Alt, F.W. (1993). Lack of N regions in antigen receptor variable region genes of TdT-deficient lymphocytes. Science 261, 1171-1175. 

Lawler, A.M., Lin, P.S., Gearhart, RJ. (1987). Adult B-cell repertoire is biased toward two heavy-chain variable-region genes that rearrange frequently in fetal pre-B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84,2454-2458. 

Livant, D., Blatt, C., Hood, L. (1986). One heavy chain variable region gene segment subfamily in the BALB/c mouse contains 500-1000 or more members. Cell 47,461-470. 

Malcolm, S., Barton, P., Murphy, C., Ferguson-Smith, M.A., Bentley, D.L., Rabbits, T.H. (1982). Localization of human immunoglobulin K light chain variable region genes to the short arm of chromosome 2 by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79,4957-4961. 

Seidman, J.G., Leder, A., Edgell, M.H., Polsky, F., Tilghman, S.M., Tiemeier, D.C., Leder, P. (1978). Multiple related immunoglobulin variable-region genes identified by cloning and sequence analyis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75,3881-3885. 

Seising, E. Storb, U. (1981 b). Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin light-chain variable-region genes. Cell 25,47-58. 

Siekevitz, M., Huang, S.Y., Gefter, M.L. (1983). The genetic basis of antibody production a single heavy chain variable region gene encodes all molecules bearing the dominant anti-arsonate idiotype in the strain A mouse. Eur. J. Immunol. 13, 123-132. 

Tonegawa, S., Brack, C., Hozumi, N., Schuller, R. (1977c). Cloning of an immunoglobulin variable region gene from mouse embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3518-3522. 

Willems van Dijk, K., Milner, L.A., Sasso, E.H., Milner, E.C.B. (1992). Chromosomal organization of the heavy chain variable region gene segments comprising the human fetal antibody repertoire. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10430-10434. 

D5. Demaison, C., Chastagner, P., Theze, J., and Zouali, M., Somatic diversification in the heavy chain variable region genes expressed by human autoantibodies bearing a lupus-associated nephritogenic anti-DNA idiotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 514-518 (1994). 

W11. Winkler, T. H., Fehr, H., and Kalden, J. R., Analysis of immunoglobulin variable region genes from human IgG anti-DNA hybridomas. Eur. J. Immunol. 22,1719-1728 (1992). 

Paterson, G., Wilson, G., Kennedy, P.G.E., Willison, H.J. Analysis of anti-GMi antibodies cloned from motor neuropathy patients demonstrates diverse variable region gene usage with extensive somatic mutation. J Immunol 155 (1995) 3049-3059. 

Figure 14.2 Immunoglobulin gene pools found in mammals (not drawn to scale) V, variable-region genes J, joining segment C, constant region hatched areas are introns and leaders.

Wang, X. Stollar, B. D., Human immunoglobulin variable region gene analysis by single cell RT-PCR, J. Immunol. Methods 2000, 244, 217-225... 

Waisman, A., Ruiz, P. J., Hirschberg, D. L., et al., Suppressive vaccination with DNA encoding a variable region gene of the T cell receptor prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis and activates Th2 immunity, Nat. Med., 2, 899, 1996. 

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