Chromosomal organization of the

Willems van Dijk, K., Milner, L.A., Sasso, E.H., Milner, E.C.B. (1992). Chromosomal organization of the heavy chain variable region gene segments comprising the human fetal antibody repertoire. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10430-10434. 

The chromosomal organization of the archaeal EF-la and EF-2 genes is illustrated in Chapter 12 by Zillig et al. in this volume (Fig. 2). 

Interspecific cell hybrids between human and murine cells do not express the rDNA genes of both genes. Interspecific crosses in plants and between Xenopus species have also shown a gene-specific dominance effect. This phenomenon is known as nucleolar dominance and, depending on the chromosomal organization of the hybrid, the rDNA of either one of the species is expressed (Reeder, 1985). These findings indicated that there are some aspects of rDNA transcription that are species specific. The incompatibility between different species has then been... 

Genes are segments of chromosomes. Some of the genes are coded to give each animate species its characteristics (e.g., color and number of eyes, type of hair, muscle), and others are coded to produce the chemicals required for the organism to live (metabolism). 

To achieve overproduction of phenylalanine, the micro-organism should be derepressed at the pheA level and free of inhibition at the arcG level. Both genes are located on the chromosomal DNA of the micro-organism and, by means of amino add analogues such as p-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, it is possible to make (phenylalanine) feedback resistant mutants of E.cdi (pheA and oroF mutants). The following procedure can be used ... 

Thoma F, Roller T (1977) Influence of histone HI on chromatin structure. Cell 12 101-107 Thoma F, Roller T, Klug A (1979) Involvement of histone HI in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin. J Cell Biol 83 403 27 Turner BM, Birley AJ, Lavender J (1992) Histone H4 isoforms acetylated at specific lysine residues define individual chromosomes and chromatin domains in Drosophila polytene nuclei. Cell 69 375-384... 

B. J. Brewer, When polymerases collide Replication and the transcriptional organization of the E. coli chromosome. Cell 53, 679-686 (1988). 

Sorokin, A. Zumstein, E. Azevedo, V. Ehrlich, S.D. Serror, P. The organization of the Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosome region between the spo-VA and serA genetic loci, based on sequence data. Mol. Microbiol., 10, 385-395 (1993)... 

Figure 27-5 (A, B) Two possible models of the 30-nm chromatin fiber.55 (A) Thoma et al.85 (B) Woodcock et al.6i 87 The fully compacted structure is seen at the top of each figure. The bottom parts of the figures illustrate proposed intermediate steps in the ionic strength-induced compaction. (C) Possible organization of the DNA within a metaphase chromosome. Six nucleosomes form each turn of a solenoid in the 30-nm filament as in (A). The 30-nm filament forms 30 kb-loop domains of DNA and some of these attach at the base to the nuclear matrix that contains topoisomerase II. About ten of the loops form a helical radial array of 250-nm diameter around the core of the chromosome. Further winding of this helix into a tight coil 700 nm in diameter, as at the top in (C), forms a metaphase chromatid. From Manuelidis91.

Figure 27-10 Organization of the globin genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. The composition of the various embryonic, fetal, and adult hemoglobins is also indicated. Closed boxes indicate active genes and open boxes pseudogenes. The triangles ( ) indicate Alu repetitive sequences and their orientation. The shaded boxes indicate Kpn repeat sequences and the half-arrows their respective orientation. The Kpn sequence between the e and 7° genes in fact consists of two tandemly linked Kpn repeats. From Karlsson and Nienhuis196 and Proudfoot.197...

Van Leeuwen BH, Martinson ME, Webb GC, Young IG. 1989. Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF genes, on human chromosome 5. Blood. 73 1142-1148. 

Liu, C. G., Maercker, C., Castanon, M. J., Hauptmann, R., and Wiche, G. (1996). Human plectin Organization of the gene, sequence analysis, and chromosome localization (8q24). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 4278-4283. 

Yousef GM, Chang A, Scorilas A, Diamandis EP. Genomic organization of the human kallikrein gene family on chromosome 19ql3.3-ql3.4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun... 

Miyamoto K, Kesterson RA, Yamamoto H, Taketani Y, Nishiwaki E, Tatsumi S, Inoue Y, Morita K, Takeda E, Pike IW. Structural organization of the human vitamin D receptor chromosomal gene and its promoter. Mol Endocrinol 1997 11(8) 1165-1179. 

Fig. 1. Comparative chromosomal organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The question mark indicates that we do not know whether archaebacteria have a single origin or multiple replication origins. The diagrams correspond to the average situation a few eubacteria have linear chromosomes but without telomeres whereas some eubacteria and Haloferax species have several circular chromosomes and/or giant plasmids. The cell size is also only indicative a few eubacteria are bigger...

Furukawa K, Soejima H, Niikawa N, Shiku H (1996) Genomic organization and chromosomal assignment of the human jfll, 4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase gene Identification of multiple transcription units. J Biol Chem 271 20836-20844... 

Gerard, N.P., Garraway, L.A., Eddy, Jr., R.L. etal. (1991). Human substance P receptor, Nkl organization of the gene, chromosome localization, and functional expression of cDNA clones. Biochemistry 30, 10640-10646. 

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