Liquids under pressure

Example 9.1 A process involves the use of benzene as a liquid under pressure. The temperature can be varied over a range. Compare the fire and explosion hazards of operating with a liquid process inventory of 1000 kmol at 100 and 150°C based on the theoretical combustion energy resulting from catastrophic failure of the equipment. The normal boiling point of benzene is 80°C, the latent heat of vaporization is 31,000 kJ kmol the specific heat capacity is 150 kJkmoh °C , and the heat of combustion is 3.2 x 10 kJkmok. ... 

One of the principal approaches to making a process inherently safe is to limit the inventory of hazardous materials. The inventories to avoid most of all are flashing flammable or toxic liquids, i.e., liquids under pressure above their atmospheric boiling points. 

The properties of real gases and liquids under pressure are calculated by adding a pressure correction to the properties determined for the ideal gas or the saturated liquid. 

Properties of mixtures as a real gas or as a liquid under pressure are determined starting from the properties of mixtures in the ideal gas state or saturated liquid after applying a pressure correction determined as a function of a property or a variable depending on pressure )... 

Streaming potentials, like other electrokinetic effects, are difficult to measure reproducibly. One means involves forcing a liquid under pressure through a porous plug or capillary and measuring E by means of electrodes in the solution on either side [6, 23, 71-73]. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Methyl Ether Wood Ether Chemical Formula CH3OCH3. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped) Liquid under pressure Color Colorless Odor Chloroform-like sweet. 

A cylindrical polypropylene bottle is used to store a liquid under pressure. It is designed with a 4 mm skirt around the base so that it will continue to stand upright when the base bulges under pressure. If the diameter of the bottle is 64 mm and it has a uniform wall thickness of 2.5 mm, estimate the maximum internal pressure which can be used if the container must not rock on its base after one year. Calculate also the diameter change which would occur in the bottle after one year under pressure. 

LPG is a mixture of flammable hydrocarbons which are gas at normal temperature hut liquid under pressure or when cooled below the boiling point at atmospheric pressure. Two mixtures are in common use, commercial propane and commercial butane. Large quantities are stored and handled at British Gas Corporation methane terminal, Shell UK Oil, Mobil Oil Co. Ltd, and Calor t ias LiJ The last also fills and handles large numbers of portable LPG cylinders. 

Any flammable liquid under pressure above its normal boiling point will behave like LFG. Liquefied flammable gases are merely the most common example of a flashing liquid. Most unconfined vapor cloud explosions, including the one at Flixborough (Section 2.4), have been due to leaks of such flashing liquids [2],... 

In what follows we shall always consider the pressure as having a uniform value for all directions through any point. Gases and liquids at rest satisfy this condition under some circumstances a solid may he treated thermodynamically as a fluid, e.g., when it is immersed in a liquid under pressure and is free from torsion or shearing stress. Conditions (2) and (3), however, very materially limit the range of applicability in such cases. 

Thermal energy is generally important in creating the conditions for explosions rather than a source of energy for the explosion itself. In particular, as already mentioned, superheat in a liquid under pressure causes flashing of the liquid if it is accidentally released to the atmosphere. 

A chemical process uses as raw material hazardous Component A. Component A is fed as liquid under pressure to a continuous stirred tank vessel in which it performs a first-order reaction to useful Product B. The reaction in the vessel is isothermal first order with a rate of reaction given by — ta = k> txp(-E/RT), where rA is the rate of reaction (kmol-min = 1.5 x 106 min-1, E = 67,000 kJ kmol-1,... 

Liquids under pressure (pipeline leaks, pump seal failures, etc.), will be thrown some distance from the point source, while atmospheric leakages will emit at the point of release. The other characteristic of liquid releases is their flash points. High flash point liquids, not operating above their flash point temperatures, are inherently safer than low flash point liquids. Most liquid fires are relatively easy to contain and suppress while gas fires are prone to explosion possibilities if extinguished and source points are not isolated. 

Physical Form. A colorless gas, hut usually handled as a liquid under pressure... 

Anhydrous ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, bp -33 °C. It can be liquefied at 25 °C under 175 psi. The gas is usually shipped as a liquid under pressure. It is very soluble in water. The water solution can be called ammonia water, aqua ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, or sometimes just ammonia misleadingly. 

Liquefied gases. Gases which can become liquid under pressure at ambient... 

The normal freezing point of the liquid under pressure is given by Tp, and OS is the melting curve of the substance, i.e. the locus of the points defining the co-existence of solid and liquid. If we measure the freezing point of a liquid in a closed system, the Phase Rule tells us that since at that temperature all three phases will be in equilibrium, F=0, and we obtain the... 

It is a colourless gas with sweet odour and taste, available as liquid under pressure. It produces analgesia without loss of consciousness in 1 to 2 percent concentration, in 6 to 8 percent it produces loss of consciousness while... 

Binder/flocculant Modify rheology, retain liquid under pressure, yield... 

The washing bottle, currently used in labs was his invention and so was ammonia tube, a V-shaped tube of strong glass which, inverted, is used for distn, purification and crystallization of liquids under pressure Ref Hackh s (1944), 332-L... 

In comparing propane and butane as direct motor fuels we may also remember that no penalty has been paid in the way of refining losses (19) to realize the high octane numbers which these fuels have. Neither has the cost of expensive catalytic processes for upgrading been incurred. From an over-all economic standpoint it is felt that these considerations can well offset the small extra cost of handling these volatile liquids under pressure. 

Description-. Colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour colourless liquid under pressure (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1992)... 

Carbonated drinks. Large quantities are used to make soda and mineral waters. The carbon dioxide gas is bubbled into the liquid under pressure, which increases its solubility. 

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