Useful Sources

One advantage of anaerobic reactions is that the methane produced can be a useful source of energy. This can be fed to steam boilers or burnt in a heat engine to produce power. 

Mercury [) nitrate, HgaCNOsji. Forms dihydrate from aqueous solution (Hg plus cold dilute HNO3). Useful source of mercury(I) compounds. 

The technique of mudlogging is covered in this section because it is one of the first direct evaluation methods available during the drilling of an exploration well. As such, the mudlog remains an important and often under-used source of original information. 

Normality is an older unit of concentration that, although once commonly used, is frequently ignored in today s laboratories. Normality is still used in some handbooks of analytical methods, and, for this reason, it is helpful to understand its meaning. For example, normality is the concentration unit used in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaterf a commonly used source of analytical methods for environmental laboratories. 

Until the advent of lasers the most intense monochromatic sources available were atomic emission sources from which an intense, discrete line in the visible or near-ultraviolet region was isolated by optical filtering if necessary. The most often used source of this kind was the mercury discharge lamp operating at the vapour pressure of mercury. Three of the most intense lines are at 253.7 nm (near-ultraviolet), 404.7 nm and 435.7 nm (both in the visible region). Although the line width is typically small the narrowest has a width of about 0.2 cm, which places a limit on the resolution which can be achieved. 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Strain development programs can mn into millions of doUars. This combined with the status of the strain in the overall process makes the strains extremely valuable and manufacturers rarely deposit useful cultures in one of the commercial coUections (14). Nevertheless, commercial coUections exist and are a very valuable, often used source of microorganisms that have shown some promise of producing smaU or minute quantities of products having real or possible commercial appHcations. These strains are often useful in augmenting in-house activities or as starters for a development program. 

Plasma sources are also being iatroduced to produce plasmas at lower pressures and process temperatures. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and transformer-coupled plasma (TCP) are among the more commonly used sources, operating below 2.6 Pa (20 mTorr) (42). Low temperature RIE processiag operates between 26—67 Pa (200—500 mTorr). 

An extensive compilation of the properties of compound semiconductors may be found in the Landolt-Bn mstein reference books (13,14). Various subvolumes in the series cover the properties of elemental. III—V, II—V, and other less common semiconductors. Information may also be found concerning semiconductor technology. Another useful source of information is the EMIS data review series (15). These books describe the properties and technology of GaAs, HgCdTe, InP, AlGaAs, InGaAs, and the III—V nitride compounds. 

Cyclization reactions effected by intramolecular attack of the heteroatom on a nitrile group provide a useful source of 2-amino heterocycles. Some illustrative examples are depicted in Scheme 16. 

The facile addition of sulfur dioxide to buta-1,3-dienes provides a useful source of... 

The conversion of furans by oxidative acetylation or methoxylation to 2,5-diacetoxy- or 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofurans respectively, and their subsequent hydrogenation to the corresponding tetrahydrofurans, provides a useful source of protected 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds capable of conversion inter alia into the other five-membered heterocycles [Pg.142]

A useful source of details such as likely impurities, stability and tests for homogeneity of amino acids is Specifications and Criteria for Biochemical Compounds, 3rd edn. National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1972. 

Figure 4.2 Identification of lEcycle oppoitunities using source-sink mapping diagram (from E)-Halwagi and Spriggs, 1996)...

MANUFACTURERS, AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND USEFUL SOURCES OF INFORMATION... 

Documents such as job descriptions, operating manuals, emergency procedures, accident, and "near-accident" records, can be useful sources of information about the task to be studied. Pipework and instrumentation diagrams can also be used to gain an insight into the complexity of the process, the type of control loops installed, and the process parameters to be manually controlled by the workers. 

Such ylides are unstable and react with carbonyl compounds to give both the Wittig product (p. 545) as well as AsPh3 and an epoxide. However, this very reactivity is sometimes an advantage since As ylides often react with carbonyl compounds that are unresponsive to P ylides. Substituted quaternary arsonium compounds are also a useful source of heterocyclic organoarsanes, e.g. thermolysis of 4-(1,7-dibromoheptyl)trimethylarsonium bromide to l-arsabicyclo[3.3.0]octane ... 

If the fruits cau he produced in quantity in Cape Colony, they should form a moat useful. source of supplv. 

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