Pyrazine, structure

Perfluoro(3,5-dialkvlpyridazines) 35 rearrange photolytieally to the 2,6-disubstituted pyra/ines 36.40 The mechanism that best explains these results involves rearrangement of an intermediate Dewar benzene structure 37 to 38, followed by rearrangement to the pyrazine structure (Scheme 12).40... 

The antibiotic emimycin was first isolated (107) from Streptomyces No. 2021-1 and subsequent work (108) showed it to be 3-hydroxypyrazine 1-oxide which from infrared evidence (Nujol) was assigned the pyrazine structure (99, R = H) [alkyl derivatives have been assigned similar structures (978)]. It had an acidic pAi, 6.2 (108) and was a stronger acid than 2-hydroxypyrazine [acidic pA 8.23 (1082)]. Emimycin did not form acetyl derivatives under a variety of conditions acetic anhydride and pyridine, acetyl chloride and pyridine, or acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid (108). 

The trisdecacyclic pyrazine structure of cephalostatin 1 (1) was eventually solved by X-ray analysis many years after the initial collections of C. gilchristi [17]. The structures of the related cephalostatins 2-4 (2-4) essentially followed from comparison of the spectroscopic data with those of 1 [18], All four compounds exhibited similar exceptional ED5o values in the range lO -lO pgmL 1 in the US National Cancer Institute s (NCI s) P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia cell line screen. 

A different example of non-adiabatic effects is found in the absorption spectrum of pyrazine [171,172]. In this spectrum, the, Si state is a weak structured band, whereas the S2 state is an intense broad, fairly featureless band. Importantly, the fluorescence lifetime is seen fo dramatically decrease in fhe energy region of the 82 band. There is thus an efficient nonradiative relaxation path from this state, which results in the broad spectrum. Again, this is due to vibronic coupling between the two states [109,173,174]. 

The vibronic coupling model has been applied to a number of molecular systems, and used to evaluate the behavior of wavepackets over coupled surfaces [191]. Recent examples are the radical cation of allene [192,193], and benzene [194] (for further examples see references cited therein). It has also been used to explain the lack of structure in the S2 band of the pyrazine absoiption spectrum [109,173,174,195], and recently to study the photoisomerization of retina] [196],... 

In valence bond terms the pyrazine ring may be represented as a resonance hybrid of a number of canonical structures (e.g. 1-4), with charge separated structures such as (3) contributing significantly, as evidenced by the polar character of the C=N bond in a number of reactions. The fusion of one or two benzene rings in quinoxaline (5) and phenazine (6) clearly increases the number of resonance structures which are available to these systems. 

Structural parameters and interatomic distances derived from electron diffraction (7) (77JST(42)l2i) and X-ray diffraction (8) studies (76AX(B)3178) provide unequivocal evidence that pyrazine is planar with >2a symmetry. There is an increased localization of electron density in the carbon-nitrogen bonds, with carbon-carbon bonds being similar in length to those in benzene. ... 

Interatomic distances calculated from the detailed analysis of rotational fine structure of the UV spectrum of pyrazine are in close agreement with those observed in (7) and (8), with the calculated bond lengths for C—C of 1.395, C—N 1.341 and C—H 1.085 A (60DIS(20)4291). Thermochemical data have provided a figure of 75 kJ moP for the delocalization energy of the pyrazine ring (B-67MI21400). 

In the case of phenazine, substitution in the hetero ring is clearly not possible without complete disruption of the aromatic character of the molecule. Like pyrazine and quinoxa-line, phenazine is very resistant towards the usual electrophilic reagents employed in aromatic substitution reactions and substituted phenazines are generally prepared by a modification of one of the synthetic routes employed in their construction from monocyclic precursors. However, a limited range of substitution reactions has been reported. Thus, phenazine has been chlorinated in acid solution with molecular chlorine to yield the 1-chloro, 1,4-dichloro, 1,4,6-trichloro and 1,4,6,9-tetrachloro derivatives, whose gross structures have been proven by independent synthesis (53G327). 

Dihydropyrazines are formed by the self-condensation of a-aminocarbonyl compounds and they are relatively stable, although again they are easily oxidized to the corresponding pyrazines. Tetrahydropyrazines are less well documented and structures such as (87) appear to be more stable than the enediamine (88). 

In many instances the primary reaction product is a dihydropyrazine and aromatization may be required as a final step. In addition, many pyrazines are prepared by the structural modification of a preformed pyrazine ring and hence would be classified as a reaction of the ring rather than a ring synthesis such processes are discussed more fully in Section 2.14.2. 

IR spectroscopy has also been used in structural problems in 2- and 3-hydroxypyrido[3,4-f ]pyrazines (63JCS5156), in 8-oxopyrido[2,3-f ]pyrazine-7-acids (73MI21501) and in the pyrido[3,4-f ]quinoxaline field (74JCS(P1)1965). IR spectra were recommended for the distinction of isomeric products in the Isay reaction (Section 2.15.15.6.1) (71TH21500) UV spectra were not satisfactory. The Raman spectra of a number of 1- and 3-deazaflavin analogues have been recorded and discussed (80BBA(623)77). 

Protonation of pyrido[2,3-f ]pyrazine occurs normally without covalent hydration, although the 2-hydroxy derivative did show such behaviour (63JCS5737). The pyrido[3,4-f)]pyrazine parent base does show the phenomenon, although the exact structure of the covalent hydrate seemed to be in doubt between protonated (392) and (397). The issue was resolved in favour of the former by NMR (79JHC301, 75AG356). The 3-hydroxy derivative also shows hydration effects, as does the 7-amino cation (63JCS5166). 

The structure of lumazine has been studied more precisely by X-ray analysis (72AX(B)659). The crystal structure is built up of almost coplanar, hydrogen-bonded dimers of lumazine with the oxygens of the pyrimidine moiety in the keto form and the observed bond distances indicating the pyrazine ring electrons to be delocalized. 

Examination of the pyrazino[2,3-rf]pyrimidine structure of pteridines reveals two principal pathways for the synthesis of this ring system, namely fusion of a pyrazine ring to a pyrimidine derivative, and annelation of a pyrimidine ring to a suitably substituted pyrazine derivative (equation 76). Since pyrimidines are more easily accessible the former pathway is of major importance. Less important methods include degradations of more complex substances and ring transformations of structurally related bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles. 

Pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine, 2-hydroxy-IR spectra, 3, 249 Pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine, 3-hydroxy-IR spectra, 3, 249 structure, 3, 254 Pyrido[3,4-6]pyrazine, methyl-... 

H,3H- Pyrrolo[l, 2-c]oxazole-l, 3-dione, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-IR spectra, 6, 978 [2.2](2,5)Pyrrolophane, N-aryl-rearrangements, 4, 209 Pyrrolophanes natural products, 7, 764 synthesis, 7, 771 Pyrrolophanes, N-aryl-synthesis, 7, 774 (2,4)Pyrrolophanes synthesis, 7, 771 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyran-4-ones synthesis, 4, 288 Pyrrolopyrans synthesis, 4, 525, 526 Pyrrolopyrazines synthesis, 4, 526 Pyrrolo[l, 2-a]pyrazines synthesis, 4, 516 Pyrrolo[2,3-6]pyrazines Mannich reaction, 4, 504 Vilsmeier reaction, 4, 505 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole, 1,3a,6,6a-tetrahydro-structure, 6, 976 synthesis, 6, 1019 Pyrrolopyrazoles synthesis, 5, 164 Pyrrolo[l,2-6]pyrazoles synthesis, 6, 1002, 1006 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles reactions, 6, 1034 synthesis, 6, 989, 1043 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazolones synthesis, 6, 989 Pyrfolopyridazines synthesis, 4, 517 Pyrrolo[l, 2-6]pyridazines synthesis, 4, 297 6/7-Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazines synthesis, 4, 291 2/f-Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazines synthesis, 4, 291 6/7-Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazines synthesis, 4, 291... 

Thieno[3,4-d]oxazole-3a(4H)-carboxylic acid, dihydro-2-methyl-synthesis, 6, 1020 Thieno[2,3-d Joxazoles synthesis, 6, 990 Thieno[3,2-g]pteridine structure, 3, 284 lH-Thieno[3,4-c]pyran-2-ones synthesis, 4, 1032 Thienopyrazines synthesis, 4, 1022-1024 Thieno[2,3-6]pyrazines, 4, 1023 electrophilic substitution, 4, 1024 Thieno[3,4-6]pyrazines, 4, 1024 Thieno[3,4-c]pyrazole, 4,6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-carbamates... 

---