Urine Nitrogen

For humans, 80-90% of ingested nitrogen is excreted as urea. Minor contributions include ammonia and creatinine (in urine), nitrogen compounds in... 

Values assigned to each of the 22 constants in the 19 expressions used in the simulation model, and the relevant sources. The flow pathways are represented as donor -> recipient compartments. N = nitrogen pool P = phytoplankton B = bacteria F = zooflagellates L = large protozoa Z = micro-mesozooplankton (F+U) = faeces and urine (nitrogen pool). All units expressed in terms of mg, m2 and/or d. 

TIBC total iron-binding capacity TLC total lymphocyte connt TSF triceps skinfold thickness TUN total urine nitrogen UBW usual body weight UL tolerable upper intake level UUN urine urea nitrogen VCO2 carbon dioxide production V02 oxygen consumption... 

For poultry, the determination of digestibility is complicated by the fact that faeces and urine are voided from a single orifice, the cloaca. The compounds present in urine are mainly nitrogenous, and faeces and urine can be separated chemicaUy if the nitrogenous compounds of urine can be separated from those of faeces. The separation is based on the fact either that most urine nitrogen is in the form of inic acid, or that most faecal nitrogen is present as true protein. It is also possible to alter the fowl s anatomy by surgery so that faeces and mine are voided separately. 

Bingham, S.A. Cummings, J.H. (1985). Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of dietary intake a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42, 1276-1289. 

Potassium nitrate, essential in the manufacture of black gun powder, was produced by the Chinese, who had developed gun powder by the tenth century AD. The process involved the leaching of soil in which nitrogen from urine had combined with mineral potassium. By the early 1800s, potassium nitrate had become a strategic military chemical and was stiU produced, primarily in India, by using the ancient Chinese method. The caUche deposits in Chile are the only natural source of potassium nitrate (2). These deposits are not a rich source of potassium nitrate, purifying only to about 14% as K O. 

SuperchlorinationShock Treatment. Superchlorination or shock treatment of pool water is necessary since accumulation of organic matter, nitrogen compounds, and algae consumes free available chlorine and impedes disinfection. Reaction of chlorine with constituents of urine or perspiration (primarily NH" 4, amino acids, creatinine, uric acid, etc) produces chloramines (N—Cl compounds) which are poor disinfectants because they do not hydrolyze significantly to HOCl (19). For example, monochloramine (NH2CI) is only 1/280 as effective as HOCl against E. coli (20). 

Drugs and metabolites can be extracted from cultures and urine by adding 2 drops of concentrated HCI to 1 ml of urine for a pH of 1-2. Extract with three 1-ml volumes of diethyl ether (top layer) or methylene chloride (bottom layer). Combine extractions and evaporate with clean, dry nitrogen. Adjust to a pH of 8-10 by adding 250 /zl of 60% KOH to 1 ml of urine. Extract... 

INEFFECTIVE TISSUE PERFUSION RENAL The patient taking an aminoglycoside is at risk for nephrotoxicity. The nurse measures and records the intake and output and notifies the primary health care provider if the output is less than 750 ml/day. It is important to keep a record of the fluid intake and output as well as a daily weight to assess hydration and renal function. The nurse encourages fluid intake to 2000 ml/day (if the patient s condition permits). Any changes in the intake and output ratio or in the appearance of the urine may indicate nephrotoxicity. The nurse reports these types of changes to the primary health care provider promptly. The primary health care provider may order daily laboratory tests (ie, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) to monitor renal function. The nurse reports any elevation in the creatinine or BUN level to tiie primary health care provider because an elevation may indicate renal dysfunction. 

Methyl parathion was determined in dog and human serum using a benzene extraction procedure followed by GC/FID detection (Braeckman et al. 1980, 1983 DePotter et al. 1978). An alkali flame FID (nitrogen-phosphorus) detector increased the specificity of FID for the organophosphorus pesticides. The detection limit was in the low ppb (pg/L). In a comparison of rat blood and brain tissue samples analyzed by both GC/FPD and GC/FID, Gabica et al. (1971) found that GC/FPD provided better specificity. The minimum detectable level for both techniques was 3.0 ppb, but GC/FPD was more selective. The EPA-recommended method for analysis of low levels (<0.1 ppm) of methyl parathion in tissue, blood, and urine is GC/FPD for phosphorus (EPA 1980d). Methyl parathion is not thermally stable above 120 °C (Keith and Walters 1985). 

Nitrogen compounds commonly determined are creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Creatinine is an end product of the energy process occurring within the muscles, and is thus related to muscle mass. Creatinine in urine is commonly used as an indicator and correction factor of dilution in urine. Creatinine in serum is an indicator of the filtration capacity of the kidney. Urea is the end product of the nitrogen luea cycle, starting with carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is the bulk compoimd of urine. The production of uric acid is associated with the disease gout. In some cases, it appears that the excess of uric acid is a consequence of impaired renal excretion of this substance. 

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients and frequently complicates the course of the critically ill. It is characterized by a rapid decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the resultant accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (e.g., creatinine and urea nitrogen), with or without a decrease in urine output. A recent consensus statement... 

Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinalysis, urine osmolality, specific gravity. 

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