Total urine nitrogen

TIBC total iron-binding capacity TLC total lymphocyte connt TSF triceps skinfold thickness TUN total urine nitrogen UBW usual body weight UL tolerable upper intake level UUN urine urea nitrogen VCO2 carbon dioxide production V02 oxygen consumption... 

The amount of argininosuccinic acid excreted in the urine in different patients varies greatly, from 1.5 to 9.3 g in 24 hours. The argininosuccinic acid nitrogen forms an appreciable proportion of the total urinary nitrogen content, in one case, amounting to 16%. 

After urea is formed, it diffuses out of liver cells into the blood, the kidneys filter it out, and it is excreted in the urine. Normal urine from an adult usually contains about 25-30 g of urea daily, although the exact amount varies with the protein content of the diet. The direct excretion of NH4 accounts for a small but important amount of total urinary nitrogen. Ammonium ions can be excreted along with acidic ions, a mechanism that helps the kidneys control the acid-base balance of body fluids. 

The nitrogen content of this mixture amounted in the case of normal urine to 0.68-1.27% of the total nitrogen, whereas the peptides precipitated under these circumstances constituted 16.1-20.9% of all substances appearing in urine and giving the biuret reaction. The peptide mixtures obtained in identical conditions from six samples of pathological urine (liver cirrhosis and leukemia) exhibited marked differences in the nitrogen and peptide content as compared with those isolated from normal urine. 

In Fig.l the separation result is mentioned for a filter net of meshsize 0.78x0.78 mm. From Fig.l it is apparent that about 35% of the total faeces and urine is removed as a solid and that about 90% of the total dry matter is in the faeces. Also for a number of minerals, P205, CaO, MgO and Cu, it amounts to more than 90%. Nitrogen and potassium were separated in smaller amounts, about 60% and 40% respectively, being retained in the solid. 

Experimental design Rats (7-13 male and 10-13 female) were exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene vapors for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week at concentrations of 0, 96, or 158 ppm for a total of 126-139 exposures. At the end of the exposure period, the animals were sacrificed, body and organ weights determined, and tissues examined microscopically. Hematology (parameters not specified), analysis of urine (blood, glucose, albumin, and sediment) and measurement of blood urea nitrogen were conducted for females exposed to the lowest concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. 

Since insect fecal pellets contain both undigested food and nitrogenous waste products, Bhattacharya and Waldbauer (58) subtracted the urine content of the feces from the total weight of the fecal pellet. This provided better estimates of assimilation and conversion of assimilated food. Schmidt and Reese (57) noted that BCW larvae will feed upon their fecal pellets if no other food is available. Growth on fecal pellets is nearly as rapid as growth on diet, suggesting that much of the nutrient content of the diet is not assimilated. The result of fecal feeding on nutritional parameters is an overestimation of the AD and ECI and an underestimation of the ECD. 

Take 100 pi of plasma/CSF sample, or 50 pi of urine sample in preparation. If smaller amounts of plasma/CSF are available, add water making a total volume of 100 pi, for urine add 50 pi of water. Add 50 pi of saturated NaHC03 solution, 500 pi of toluene and 50 pi of hexafluoroacetylaceton. Derivatise for 2 h at 80°C under continuous stirring. After derivatisation, allow the vials to cool and pipette 100 pi of the toluene layer (urine/plasma) or 300 pi of the toluene layer (CSF) into a clean tube and blow to dryness at 40°C using nitrogen. To derivatise the carboxylic groups of... 

When the total quantity of excrement and urino voided in twenty-four hours is taken into account, it is found that the latter is tho most valuable. If the quantity of fteoes for one individual for twenty-four hours be taken at one and a quarter poimds, and the quantity of urine at three pounds, the amount of nitrogen in each would bo as follows... 

In the case of adult subjects, the most suitable expression seems unquestionably to be one indicating the amounts (in mg) per 24-hr collection, both for free and for combined amino acids. When relative amounts are of interest, it is of course preferable to compute the amounts on a molar basis (S24). For the sake of possible comparison with other data than one s own, it is always highly desirable to indicate at the same time, total nitrogen output, 24-hr urine volume, body weight, and, if possible, body height. 

In children above 2 years of age, the situation is not substantially different from adults as far as the relative amounts of amino acids excreted are concerned. In fact, only very few really satisfactory data have been obtained so far in urines from children above 2 years of age. We present therefore in Fig. 3 a typical chromatogram of a 24-hr specimen of urine of a normal child, 2 years old, as drawn from Vis observations. Comparison of quantitative data concerning daily excretions are rendered difficult because of the differences in body size. The 24-hr basis alone is not suitable. It is necessary to compare data on the basis of percentage of total nitrogen excretion, or per kilogram of body weight, a procedure adopted by Jonxis and Huisman. We do not believe it suitable or safe to choose a comparison factor based on creatinine excretion. 

Metabolic Transit of Lysinoalanine. Urinary and Fecal Excretion of Protein-Bound Lysinoalanine (113). Three different alkali-treated proteins (lactalbumin, fish protein isolate, and soya protein isolate) containing, respectively, 1.79, 0.38, and 0.14 g of lysinoalanine/16 g nitrogen were given to rats and the urines and feces were collected. Lysinoalanine was measured before and after acid hydrolysis. The fecal excretion varied from 33 to 51% of the total ingested lysinoalanine and the urinary excretion varied from 10 to 25%. The higher level of lysinoalanine found after acid hydrolysis indicates that a certain quantity is excreted in the urines as combined lysinoalanine (see Table VII). The total recovery was inferior to the ingested quantity (50 to 71%) indicating that the molecule is transformed or retained in the body of the rat. 

While low serum cholesterol levels have been observed in malnourished patients, largely as a result of decreased synthesis of lipoproteins in the liver, hypocholesterolemia occurs later in the course of malnutrition and is therefore not useful as a screening test. PEM usually results in low serum urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary urea, and total nitrogen. Estimation of 24-h urine creatinine excretion is also a valuable biochemical index of muscle mass (when there is no impairment in renal function). The urinary CHI is correlated to lean body mass and anthropometric measurements. In edematous patients, for whom the extracellular fluids contribute to body weight and spuriously high body mass index values, the decreased CHI values are especially useful in diagnosing malnutrition. 

Other methods used to decrease the recurrence of urolithiasis include dietary modifications that decrease calcium excretion and promote diuresis. Changing the diet from alfalfa to grass or oat hay decreases the calcium intake and should decrease the urinary excretion of calcium, since fecal calcium excretion is relatively constant in horses. Although this dietary change should decrease the total calcium excretion, it may also decrease the urinary excretion of nitrogen and the daily urine volume. The latter changes could enhance the supersaturation of urine. In theory, diuresis could be promoted further by the addition of loose salt (50-75 g per day) to the concentrate portion of the diet. However, in one study where ponies were fed sodium chloride (1, 3 or 5% of the total diet dry matter (1% is approximately 75 g sodium chloride for a 500 kg horse)), there were no differences in water intake, urine production or calcium excretion. 

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