Urinary retention drugs side effect

The appeal of NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and acetaminophen is that the unfavorable opioid-related side effects may be mitigated. Although opioids are potent and effective drugs for pain control, they are well known for adverse side effects such as excessive sedation, dose-dependent respiratory depression, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, biliary spasm, hypotension, constipation, and urinary retention. Minimizing these effects has the advantage of earlier ambulation post-operatively and consequently a shorter hospitalization, as weU as higher patient satisfaction and quality of recovery. 

Side effects include blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and (rarely) psychosis. Although their effectiveness remains unconfirmed, these drugs may deserve a trial in patients with intermittent postprandial pain.16... 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 436J The most common side effects associated with tricyclic antidepressants are their anti muscarinic effects, which may be evident in over 50% of patients. Clinically, the anti muscarinic effects may manifest as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, tachycardia, dizziness, and urinary retention. At therapeutic plasma concentrations, these drugs usually do not cause changes in the EKG Direct cardiac effects of the tricyclic antidepressants are important in over dosage. 

Pharmacotherapy. The currently available treatments for PD are symptomatic, and do not alter the course of the disease. The earliest treatment that is still in limited use today, is with the anticholinergic medications, such as trihexiphenidyl or benzotropine. These drugs are useful, particularly for tremor. However, their use is often prob-lematic because of unpleasant side-effects, such as memory disturbances, blurred vision, sedation, dry mouth, or urinary retention, particularly in older patients. 

The TCA drugs have lost their place as first-line therapy for depression because of their bothersome side effects (Table 33.2) at therapeutic doses and lethal effects in toxic doses. In addition to their presynaptic effects on the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, they block several postsynaptic receptors. They are potent cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonists, resulting in symptoms such as dry mouth, constipation, tachycardia, blurred vision and urinary retention. Blockade of histamine receptors (Hi) often results in sedation and weight gain. Antagonism of aj-adrenoceptors in the vasculature can cause orthostatic hypotension. 

Geriatric Considerations - Summary Glycopyrrolate does not cross the blood-brain barrier so is less likely to cause the central effects seen with anticholinergics such as atropine. Other anticholinergic side effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, and constipation do occur and can limit the usefulness of this drug in the older adult. 

CNS side effects include confusion, anxiety, lethargy, nausea and vomiting. GIT related effect is constipation. Other side effects are urinary retention, dry mouth, miosis, dysphoria, hypotension, skin rash, itching and urticaria. Tolerance, drug dependence and drug abuse are the main drawbacks of morphine. 

Atropine like drugs cause several side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, mental confusion, hallucinations etc. 

The use of atropine became part of routine preoperative medication when anesthetics such as ether were used, because these irritant anesthetics markedly increased airway secretions and were associated with frequent episodes of laryngospasm. Preanesthetic injection of atropine or scopolamine could prevent these hazardous effects. Scopolamine also produces significant amnesia for the events associated with surgery and obstetric delivery, a side effect that was considered desirable. On the other hand, urinary retention and intestinal hypomotility following surgery were often exacerbated by antimuscarinic drugs. Newer inhalational anesthetics are far less irritating to the airways. 

Prominent side-effects common to the whole drug class (magnitude may vary between drugs) weight gain, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, urinary retention, sedation, dizziness, confusion (especially in the elderly)... 

Anticholinergics are associated with many side effects including mood change, confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness, and cardiac irregularity.13,39 In addition, blurred vision, dryness of the mouth, nausea/ vomiting, constipation, and urinary retention are fairly common. Antihistamine drugs with anticholinergic properties are also used occasionally (Table 10-2). 

As might be expected, ganglionic blockers produce a multitude of side effects because of the inhibition of both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. Some adverse effects include gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, constipation), urinary retention, visual disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension. At higher doses, they may even exhibit some neuromuscular blocking activity. These and other side effects may be quite severe in some patients. Fortunately, ganglionic blockers are usually not used for extended periods because the patient is placed on other antihypertensive drugs when the hypertensive crisis is resolved. 

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