Urinary reproductive tract

Gastrointestinal tract Urinary bladder Sweat glands Reproductive tract, male Uterus... 

Smooth muscle is closer to non-muscle cells. No regular striations are visible and the contractions are much slower. Smooth muscle is found in the blood vessels, gut, skin, eye pupils, urinary and reproductive tracts. Smooth muscles form a very heterogeneous group of tissues, and the properties of vascular smooth muscles dilfer greatly from those in the airway, gut or reproductive tract. 

Smooth muscle has no regular striations and the contractions are much slower. Smooth muscle is found in the blood vessels, gut, skin, eye pupils and urinary and reproductive tracts. 

The origin of fatty acids and civetone in panda is unknown. Based on four samples of bladder urine obtained between 1999 and 2003, which were not from the days of peak excretion, decanoic acid and traces of octanoic and dodecanoic acid were also detectable in bladder urine. In addition, civeton was also demonstrated in bladder urine. Those findings might rule out the possibility of an extra-renal source from acessory glands of the reproductive tract. Octanoic and decanoic acid were also detected in a cotton wool swab from the female s anal gland three days after urinary peak excretion. 

Figure 3. Urinary and reproductive tract of a male fetal hamster taken from a dam given an intravenous dose of distilled water on the 8th day of pregnancy and recovered on day 15 of pregnancy. (About X 6).

Biological Applications Antimalarial agent protein assay detecting enzyme activity treating cancer, malaria, diabetes, a variety of conditions affecting skin, mouth,digestive tract,urinary tract, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, circulatory system, head, neck, endocrine system, lymphoreticular sys-tem dental materials ... 

Location Attached to bones openings of some hollow organs (sphincters) Large blood vessels eyes hair follicles Walls of hollow organs of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts small blood vessels... 

Endothelins interact with several endocrine systems, increasing the secretion of renin, aldosterone, vasopressin, and ANP. They exert a variety of actions on the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gastrointestinal system, the liver, the urinary tract, the male and female reproductive systems, the eye, the skeletal system, and the skin. Finally, ET-1 is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes, and glomerular mesangial cells. 

Urinary calculi are frequent concomitants of vitamin A deficiency. The epithelium of the urinary tract shares in the general pathological changes of all epithelial structures. Epithelial debris thus may provide the nidus around which a calculus is formed. Abnormalities of reproduction include impairment of spermatogenesis, degeneration of testes, abortion, resorption of fetuses, and production of malformed offspring. 

The fluoroquinolone subclass of antibiotics is inspired by nalidixic acid (A.35), an older antibiotic commonly used for urinary tract infections (Figure A.10). Depending on the type of infection, fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV. Both enzymes are vital for DNA replication and bacterial reproduction. Both ciprofloxacin (Cipro, A.36) and levofloxacin (Levaquin, A.37) are examples of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin received national attention in the United States in 2001. Ciprofloxacin was used to treat many anthrax-infected patients after letters containing anthrax spores were sent through the U.S. postal service. 

This formula contains rehmannia, poria, tree peony, cinnamon, dioscorea, cornus, processed aconite, and water plantain root. It is probably the most frequently used formula for urinary problems. The herbs in the formula are anti-inflammatory, diuretic, astringent, and antibacterial. It improves the kidney, bladder, and nerve function and circulation to the urinary tract, reduces stagnation and heat, and strengthens reproductive organs such as the... 

The epithelium (the biological and medical collective term for covering and glandular tissues) is composed of layers of cells that line the outside and inside surfaces of organs. The outermost layer of the skin is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells, while other epithelial cells line the insides of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts, and also comprise the exocrine and endocrine glands. The functions of epithelial cells include secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport, sensation detection and selective permeability. The endotheUum-the irmer lining of blood and lymph vessels-is a specialized form of epithelium. 

Vitamin A helps maintain the skin and mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts. Vitamin A is also critical for vision. The aldehyde form of Vitamin A, called retinal, binds to a protein called opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin. This pigment is found in the rod cells of the retina of the eye. These cells are responsible for black-and-white vision. As you might expect, a deficiency of vitamin A can have terrible consequences. In children, lack of vitamin A leads to xerophthalmia, an eye disease that results first in night blindness and eventually in total blindness. The disease can be prevented by an adequate dietary or supplementary supply of this vitamin. Because vitamin A is stored in the liver, a dose of 0.03 mg will protect a child for six months. Yet in countries that have suffered from cruel famines, even this amount of vitamin A is unavailable, and the burdens of malnutrition and disease lead to total blindness in thousands of children. 

Vitamin A deficiency may manifest itself by decreased immunity to infections, growth inhibition, and reproduction disorders. Typical pathological signs of vitamin A avitaminosis include lesions of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, air passages, and urinary system. Skin keratosis can be seen, especially around outlets of the hair sheaths (phrynoderma). 

It is difficult in the laboratory to monitor the exposure levels as recommended above, but monitoring should be performed wherever possible. Even partial data or data taken under nonstandard conditions are better than none at aU. As a supplement to a monitoring and exposure limitation program, those individuals who actively use solvents as a routine part of their job a significant portion of their time should participate in a medical surveillance program. Individuals should receive a pre-employment examination, which should include a prior work history and medical history. The examination should emphasize the nervous, cardiovascular respiratory, and reproductive systems as well as the hver, kidneys, blood, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and skin. A comprehensive blood panel should be run as well as a complete blood count and a urinary test. 

Avitaminosis manifests itself as disturbed vision (night bhndness) and keratinisation of mucous membranes (which hne the respiratory tract, intestines, urinary tract and epithelium of the eye), the inhibition of growth, and in deformation of bones and reproductive... 

Woolf RB, Allen WM (1953) Concomitant malformations the frequent simultaneous occurrence of congenital malformations of the reproductive and urinary tracts. Obstet Gynecol 2 236-265... 

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