Upstream and Downstream Operations

Isolation Provide for isolation from upstream and downstream operations. Consider provision of automatic and/or remotely operated isolation. Consider isolation for cleaning needs... 

Minimize or eliminate in-process inventory of hazardous material, including inventory in the processing equipment as well as in tanks. Elimination of intermediate storage tanks will likely require improvements in the reliability of the upstream and downstream operations. 

There is much current interest aimed at the implementation of processes that integrate the upstream and downstream operation for protein recovery.131419 Although adsorption in fluidised beds provides a considerable saving in cost and time over conventional purification techniques, it still deploys a discrete operation with which the desired protein is captured at termination of fermentation or once a cell suspension has been disrupted. The main... 

Many supply chains suffer from limited visibility. What this means is that a particular entity in the network is not aware of the status of upstream and downstream operations of the levels and flow of inventory as it progresses through the chain. 

Some drawbacks to the weigh belt are that it is a zero-reference device and thus needs frequent caHbration (re-zeroing). Buildup on the belt and roUers affects accuracy and operation, as does belt tension and dusty or floodable materials. Flexible connections are required to isolate the feeder from upstream and downstream equipment, unless the belt feeder/weigh idler concept is used. 

Table 18-15 summarizes the several types of commercial centrifuges, their manner of liquid and solids discharge, their unloading speed, and their relative volumetric capacity. When either the liquid or the solids discharge is not continuous, the operation is said to be cycHc. Cyclic or batch centrifuges are often used in continuous processes by providing appropriate upstream and downstream surge capacity. 

In the development of new products, optimization of the fermentation medium for titer only often ignores the consequences of the medium properties on subsequent downstream processing steps such as filtration and chromatography. It is imperative, therefore, that there be effective communication and understanding between workers on the upstream and downstream phases of the produc t development if rational trade-offs are to be made to ensure overall optimahty of the process. One example is to make the conscious decision, in collaboration with those responsible for the downstream operations, whether to produce a protein in an unfolded form or in its native folded form the purification of the aggregated unfolded proteins is simpler than that of the native protein, but the refolding process itself to obtain the product in its final form may lack scalabihty. 

Upstream and Downstream Units Upstream and downstream units should be notified of the impending test. If the unit test will last over a period of days, analysts should discuss this with the upstream unit to ensure that they are not scheduling activities that could disrupt feed to the unit under study. Analysts should seek the cooperation of the upstream units by requesting as consistent feed as possible. The downstream units shoiild also be notified to ensure that they will be able to absorb the product from the unit under study. For both units, measurements from their instruments will be useflil to confirm those for the unit under study. If this is the case, analysts must work with those operators and supervisors to ensure that the measurements are made. 

Plant Sufficient personnel and supphes will be required for the test. Personnel may include additional operators, sample-gatherers, pipe fitters, and engineers. Upstream and downstream units need notification so that feed and product rates can be maintained. 

O There are several unit operations upstream and downstream filtration, such as reaction and thermal drying, are required by the process flow-scheme O There is a risk of environmental hazard from toxic, flammable or volatile cakes... 

Turnkey operation A complete fabrication line or system, such as an extruder with a thermoformer line with upstream and downstream equipment. Controls interface all the equipment in-line from material delivery to the end of the line handling the product for in-plant storage or shipment out of the plant. 

In critical review of the SNG from Coal subprogram, it became evident that research efforts directed to the operations upstream and downstream of the gasifier must be substantially increased to achieve optimization of the overall coal gasification plant and to achieve maximum cost reductions. 

The economics of the solvent extraction process are very dependent upon upstream and downstream portions of the plant. Integration of the total processing step is essential to obtain maximum return. Variables, such as tonnage rates and changes in solution composition, can have a most significant result on the economics of solvent extraction. Generally, economic considerations may be divided into two major areas (1) capital investments and (2) operating costs. 

The key component in any process is the chemical reactor if it can handle impure raw materials or not produce impurities in the product, the savings in a process can be far greater than if we simply build better separation units. In typical chemical processes the capital and operating costs of the reactor may be only 10 to 25% of the total, with separation units dominating the size and cost of the process. Yet the performance of the chemical reactor totally controls the costs and modes of operation of these expensive separation units, and thus the chemical reactor largely controls the overall economics of most processes. Improvements in the reactor usually have enormous impact on upstream and downstream separation processes. 

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