Unsaponifiable contents

This method is used to estimate the amount of unsaponifiable impurities in tricresyl phosphate. Sample of plasticizer is refluxed with water solution of NaOH for 1 h. The saponified material is extracted with petroleum ether. The extracted material is evaporated in a tared evaporation dish at 75°C and reminder determined. The nonvolatile residue consists the unsaponifiable contents of tricresyl phosphate. 

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The epicarp contains a number of components of relatively high polarity that are not removed by mechanical extraction and remain in the pomace. Removal of these components along with the oil by solvent extraction of the pomace accounts for the higher unsaponifiable content of olive-pomace oil. 

Physicochemical properties of maize oil are summarized in Table 10. Specific gravity of maize oil varies between 0.917 and 0.925 at ambient temperature (20°C/20°C). Unsaponifiable content of com oil is lower (1-3%) than that of the WGO. 

ASTM D1399-95(2000) Standard Test Method for Unsaponifiable Contents of Tricresyl Phosphate... 

Ucuhuba oil, 51, 95 Ultraviolet spectroscopy, 273,444,471 Umbelliferae, 52 Undecanoic acid, 1,345,350,351 Unesterified fatty adds in milk, 167 Unripe seeds, 184 Unsaponifiable content, 262 Unsaponifiables, 477 Unsaturated fatty acids crystal structure, 347 NMR, 273... 

Black Liquor Soap Recovery. Black Hquor soap consists of the sodium salts of the resin and fatty acids with small amounts of unsaponifiables. The soap is most easily separated from the black Hquor by skimming at an intermediate stage, when the black Hquor is evaporated to 25% soHds (7). At this soHds level, the soap rises in the skimmer at a rate of 0.76 m/h. At higher soHds concentrations, the tall oil soap is less soluble, but higher viscosity lowers the soap rise rate and increases the necessary residence times in the soap skimmer beyond 3—4 hours. The time required for soap recovery can be reduced by installing baffles, by the use of chemical flocculants (8,9), and by air injection into the suction side of the soap skimmer feed pump. Soap density is controUed by the rate of air injection. Optimum results (70% skimmer efficiency) are obtained at a soap density of 0.84 kg/L (7 lb/gal). This soap has a minimum residual black Hquor content of 15% (10—12). 

In India, small seeds generally had higher oil content than larger seeds and the main characteristics were specific gravity (15°C), 0.9304 refractive index (15°C), 1.4795 optical rotation, +35° saponification value, 181.2 iodine value (Wijs), 99 unsaponified material, 3.7%. The expressed oil is classified as semi-drying and is a source of lauric and adipic acids (Weiss, 2002). Table 12.4 gives the average physico-chemical properties of fennel volatile oil. 

Most manufacturers use soapstock to spray on meal for animal feed, or ship the material to acidulators. Some seed oil producers treat soapstock on site with sulfuric acid at a temperature of 90-95 °C to produce acidulated soapstock (Dijkstra and Segers, 2007). Acidulated soapstock is very dark in color with a strong, rancid, burned odor from the free fatty acids and neutral oils. Free fatty acid content varies and can be in excess of 90%. Moisture content as well as unsaponifiables can be substantial and the pH (based on samples provided to Stepan Company) may vary from 3 to 4.5. An example of a typical analysis of an acid oil sample is listed below (Table 6.2). 

The neutral or unsaponifiable materials present in tall oil include anhydrides, pheno-lics, diterpene aldehydes and alcohols, stil-benes, and steroids. In the neutral fraction of southern pine tall oil soap, 80 compounds have been identified. They include 25.1 percent sistosterol and a total of 32.4 percent steroids. The sistosterol content of crude tall oil is 2-3 percent and is the main component of the neutral fraction. 

Hydrolyzed animal fat is animal fat obtained via the procedures commonly used in edible fat processing. Its free fatty acid content is not less than 85%, with not more than 6% unsaponifiables and not more than 1% insoluble impurities. A maximum moisture level must be guaranteed, and the presence of any added antioxidants must be stated. Its source must be stated, e.g., hydrolyzed poultry fat. ... 

For purposes of identifying natural fats and ascertaining their quality, a number of analytical tests are routinely employed. The test results of a sample of fat under assessment should fall within the range of established constants to confirm its identity. For coconut oil the usual tests are fatty acid composition, acid value/ percent free fatty acid, saponihcation value, iodine value, Reicheit-Meissl value, Polenske value, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide value/stabihty test, s.p./m.p., color, and solid fat content (see Tables 5 and 6)... 

Unsaponifiable matter content, saponification value, and iodine value are characteristic for a high contribution of PUFA in the flax oil. The content of unsaponifiable matter in flax oil is similar to other vegetable oils. 

One of the traditional raw materials used for the production of stearic acid is taUow, and very often, consumers or customers will ask for products equivalent to stearic acid from tallow. Single, double, and triple pressed stearic acids from pahn oil are in fact produced via distillation processes, but similar terminologies were used to indicate their similar characteristics. Besides their fight color, fatty acids derived from palm products have a low content of unsaponifiables, indicating excellent purity. 

Refined oil usually retains little phospholipid, but damaged beans can have a significant content of phosphatidic acid, and the amount of iron in the oil is related to the amount of phosphorus (24). During deodorization, considerable amounts of sterol and tocopherol may be removed from the oil. The proportion removed depends on deodorization conditions, but a 30% to 40% decrease is not unusual (25). Much of the hydrocarbons and squalene are lost to the deodorizer distillate as well. Free fatty acids in fully refined oil are required to be <0.05% and unsaponifiable matter < 1.5% (26). 

Sterols Sterols are polycyclic alcohols derived from sterane. Sterols constitute most of the unsaponifiable fraction of an oil. The sterol profile is characteristic of each oil. The Codex Alimentarius (Codex-Stan 210-1999) indicates the total sterol content (ppm) and the percentages of each sterol type in regular sunflower oil, as shown in Table 6. 

Other Components of the Unsaponifiable Matter The unsaponifiable matter in a cmde regular sunflower oil is usually in the range of 0.5-1.5% (9, 17), or lower than 15 g/kg according to the Codex-Stan 210-1999. In addition to sterols (around 2.4. 6 g/kg) and tocopherols and tocotrienols (0.4-1.5 g/kg), there are minor components of sunflower oil. Aliphatic compounds and terpenoids occur naturally in oils. Of the terpenoid family, squalene is the most widely occurring compound. The occurrence of squalene in regular sunflower oil is fairly low 0.008-0.019% (5) or 15-20 mg/100 g (9). The aliphatic alcohol content is 100-mg/lOO-g oil (9). 

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