Unmanned system

Oddly enough, it was more the concern with unmanned systems, the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), that led to the development of the system safety concept [p. 4]. 

United States Department of Defense. FY2009-2034 Unmanned systems integrated roadmap (2009), http //www.acq.osd.mil/uais/... 

Means of delivery missiles, rockets and other unmanned systems capable of delivering nuclear, ehemieal, or biological weapons, that are specially designed for such use. 

Boussemart, Y, and M.L. Cummings. 2008. Behavioral Recognition and Prediction of an Operator Supervising Multiple Heterogeneous Unmanned Vehicles. Presented at Humans Operating Unmanned Systems, Brest, France, September 3-4, 2008. Available online at http //web.mit. edu/aeroastro/labs/halab/papers/boussemart%20-%20humous08-vl.3-final.p(. ... 

An abort should only be set into motion by the issuance of a valid abort command from an authorized entity. This requirement is particularly germane to unmanned systems (UMSs). In a manned system, the authorized entity is generally the official operator however, in a UMS much planning must go into determining what constitutes a valid command and a valid controller (authorized entity) because it may be possible for an unauthorized entity to take control of the UMS. 

An OSP is a safety precept that that is directed at the operational phase. These precepts are operational safety rules that must be adhered to during system operation. One aspect of OSPs is that they may directly spawn the need for DSPs that will help realize the OSP via design methods. Although the development PM has no influence during system operation, the OSPs will provide guidance for many design features that will need to be implemented in order to meet the OSPs. An example OSP might be The unmanned system shall be considered unsafe until a safe state can be verified. ... 

Unmanned Systems Safety Guide for DoD Acquisition, June 27, 2007. 

Subsea production systems provide for large savings in manpower as they are unmanned facilities. However, these systems can be subject to very high opex from the well servicing and subsea intervention point of view as expensive vessels have to be mobilised to perform the work. As subsea systems become more reliable this opex will be reduced. 

As subsea production systems are remote from the host production facility there must be some type of system in place which allows personnel on the host facility to control and monitor the operation of the unmanned subsea system. 

Prevention of arson Control access at all times Screen employees and casual labour Lock away flammable substances and keep combustibles away from doors, windows, fences Provide regular fire safety patrols, even where automatic systems are provided Secure particularly storage and unmanned areas... 

Fuel cells have attracted considerable interest because of their potential for efficient conversion of the energy (AG) from a chemical reaction to electrical energy (AE). This efficiency is achieved by directly converting chemical energy to electricity. Conventional systems burn fuel in an engine and convert the resulting mechanical output to electrical power. Potential applications include stationary multi-megawatt power plants, battery replacements for personal electronics, and even fuel-cell-powered unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAVs). 

Progress in aeronautics and astronautics within the past decades has been remarkable because people have learned to master the difficult feat of hypervelocity flight. A variety of manned and unmanned aircraft have been developed for faster transportation from one point on earth to another. Similarly, aerospace vehicles have been constructed for further exploration of the vast depths of space and the neighboring planets in the solar system. 

The unmanned compressor building was equipped with a combustible gas detection system. However, it failed to sound an alarm because of a faulty relay in the control room. Automatic fail-safe valves functioned properly, blocking-in the flow of ethylene, but not before 450-11,000 lb of gas had already escaped. 

Specialized studies are investigations that attempt to verify the ability of a facility to perform effectively during an emergency, generally by mathematical estimates. They are used extensively to justify the necessity or deletion of a safety system. The most common studies are listed below however every facility is unique and may require it s own investigative requirements (e g., for an offshore facility - the potential for ship collisions). For example, for a simple unmanned wellhead... 

Fixed CO2 systems are almost used extensively for protecting highly valuable or critical where an electrically non-conductive, non-residue forming agent is desired and where the location is unmanned. In the hydrocarbon industries CO2 systems are usually provided to protect... 

Combustible gas detection for air intakes should be considered when the enclosures are in proximity to hydrocarbon processes. This is especially important when the processes can be demonstrated to be within areas where a WCCE release will not have dissipated at the distance the facility is placed from it. An alternative is to have the air handling system self circulating so it does not direct fresh air supplies in from the outside. Such systems are normally provided at unmanned shelters. 

Any location that has a connection to the SCADA network is a target, especially unmanned or unguarded remote sites. Conduct a physical security survey and inventory access points at each facility that has a connection to the SCADA system. Identify and assess any source of information including remote telephone/ computer network/fiber optic cables that could be tapped radio and microwave links that are exploitable computer terminals that could be accessed and wireless local area network access points. Identify and eliminate single points of failure. The security of the site must be adequate to detect or prevent unauthorized access. Do not allow live network access points at remote, unguarded sites simply for convenience. 

Mini-UAV Design of a Mini-UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) using a Fuel Cell Propulsion System. Development of a knowledge centre on PC technology. 

Zinc-silver oxide reserve batteries have application as power sources for various systems in manned and unmanned space vehicles. 

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