Authorized entity

Acceptance Criteria The criteria that a system or component must satisfy to be accepted by a user, customer, or other authorized entity (IEEE). 

Authorization ensures that only the authorized entity accesses information or services, by granting access rights to the authorized entities. Authorization depends on the successful authentication of an entity (e.g., individual, business entity) and applies to granting access privileges. 

Confidentiality, only authorized entities may read confidential data Integrity, imauthorized entities may not change data without detection Availability, the services should be available when needed Authentication, confirmation that an entity is what is claims to be. 

An abort should only be set into motion by the issuance of a valid abort command from an authorized entity. This requirement is particularly germane to unmanned systems (UMSs). In a manned system, the authorized entity is generally the official operator however, in a UMS much planning must go into determining what constitutes a valid command and a valid controller (authorized entity) because it may be possible for an unauthorized entity to take control of the UMS. 

Example 1 The pilot decided to abort the intended mission and return to base after one of the two engines on the aircraft failed. In this case, aircraft safety is reduced, and preestablished contingency plans require the pilot to terminate the mission rather than expose the aircraft to higher mishap risk and loss of the aircraft. In this situation, the pilot is the authorized entity. 

Example 2 An aircraft weapon system enters the abort state if any unsafe store conditions are detected in other states, and/or if any abnormal conditions that preclude completion of the normal initialization and release sequence occur. An abort command is issued to the store, and all station power is subsequently removed. If transition to the abort state occurs after the launch state has been entered (and irreversible functions have been initiated), power is removed from the store interface, and no further attempts to operate the store are conducted during the ongoing mission. In this case, the system itself is the authorized entity. 

An authorized entity is the individual operator or control element authorized to direct or control system or mission functions. It is the individual, or system control element, authorized for making command and control decisions. Manned systems typically have an operator that is authorized to make realtime operational decisions. However, for UMSs, there may not be an operator in some control elements therefore, decisions must be made by internal authorized elements of the system itself. This is decision logic that must be programmed into the system which cannot be counterfeited by an external source. This is to ensure that an outside source cannot take over control of the system. 

Authorization rules should be designed into the system. As UMSs evolve and increase in their level of autonomy, a system operator or human controller may not be a valid assumption control may be completely relinquished to the UMS. Systems may use man-to-machine or machine-to-machine control. In this context, the term authorized entity is used to denote the entity which, by design, exercises immediate control over the UMS. The term is used to denote two methods of valid control human or machine. A system safety design goal should be that the system, manned or unmanned, shall be designed to only respond to valid commands from the authorized entity or entities in order to preclude intrusion by hackers or counterfeiters. 

A control element is an electromechanical element of a UMS designed to control the UMS with decision-making capability. A computer would be considered an electromechanical control element.This term was created to support the nonhuman aspect of an authorized entity controlling the operation of a system. 

This chapter centers on the mathematical aspects of the non-adiabatic coupling terms as single entities or when grouped in matrices, but were it not for the available ab initio calculation, it would have been almost impossible to proceed thus far in this study. Here, the ab initio results play the same crucial role that experimental results would play in general, and therefore the author feels that it is now appropriate for him to express his appreciation to the groups and individuals who developed the numerical means that led to the necessary numerical outcomes. 

The work must also be the product of an author. That is, a human being has created the work, even if at the behest or for the ownership of a corporate entity and even if a machine or device, such as a camera or a computer program, was used as a tool in the creative process. 

The Encyclopedia includes 253 alphabetically arranged entries written by 170 authors. The text is supplemented with more than 600 photographs, illustrations, sidebars, and maps. Entries contain a set of cross-references to related entries within the set, as well as a bibliography of related books and journal articles to guide readers who want to learn more about a given topic. The front matter in Volume 1 includes a list of entity topics, and the back matter in Volume 3 contains both an extensive timeline of important dates in energy history and a comprehensive subject index. 

The present review deals with polymerization systems where the furan ring is present in the monomer(s) either as the reactive entity or as a side group to the function responsible for the growth. It covers, therefore, a wide variety of situations, many of them not yet fully understood. In fact, as will become apparent later, there is still a great deal of controversy about the interpretation of experimental results obtained with most of these systems and sometimes even disagreement among authors as to the data obtained. Particular emphasis has therefore been placed in this review on a critical reinterpretation of previous work in view of the recent experience gathered by... 

It should be noted that all technical data submitted in support of marketing authorisations remain confidential between the applicant and the regulatory authorities. In situations where the manufacturer of a drug substance is a different commercial entity to the applicant seeking approval of a drug product incorporating... 

Note that, in the case of biological products, this is the name of the legal entity or person to whom the license will be issued. The name, street address and telephone number of the legal person or entity authorized to represent a non-U.S. applicant should be entered in the indicated area. Only one person should sign the form. 

The iminophosphenium cation was also of interest for more physical investigations. It was noted to be a stable entity in gas phase experiments [52], the parameters were investigated in detail [53] and a systematic study of the nucleophilic addition of CH, NH and OH bonds was performed [54] with a concomitant interpretation of the chemical shifts (at the dicoordinate phosphorus centres). The latter authors also confirmed the loose interaction of a triphenylphosphine with the iminophosphenium cation (PP = 2.625 A). 

The entity marked with a double dagger is regarded by the authors as an activated complex. Its breakdown (19) may well consist of a sequence of rapid steps rather than the single step implied, which involves a three-electron transfer and double protonation of a transition state subsequent to its formation. Steps (22)-(24 were invoked to explain the complete oxidation of S(IV) to S(VI) at higher Cr(VI) concentrations. 

The views expressed in this article are entirely the authors , and do not represent or reflect the policy of the Environmental Protection Agency or any other entity of the United States government. 

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