UNIX operating system

This program has been originally developed and tested on a mainframe computer using the Unix operating system. 

Beginning with SAS 9.1, the LIBNAME statement can be used to simply map to an Excel or Access database. This facility is available in the Microsoft Windows and UNIX operating systems. For example, the following SAS code reads in and then prints the lab normal file normal ranges.xls. 

NMR data measured on a modern Bruker NMR spectrometer (DMX, DRX, ARX) is stored as a directory in the UXNMR/XWINNMR format. Under the UNIX operating system, data files stored as are themselves directories. 

All of these programs are available for Unix operating system. Most of the Windows versions are incorporated into commercial molecular modeling packages such as MM in Chem3D of CambridgeSoft (http //www.camsoft.com), AMBER and CHARMm in HyperChem of HyperCube (http //www.hyper.com), and SYBYL... 

Speiser et al. began in 1989 to write the general simulation code EASI (for Electro Analytical Simulation), also extended to EASIEST, as parameter estimation was added. These are described in a series of papers [517,518,519, 520], and the code, which was in C++ and meant to run under the Unix operating system, was available from the author. The project has now been... 

The UNIX operating system is offering for the first time the possibility of an operating system that is not dependent on the hardware vendor. The battle over operating systems is far from over, however. 

Another major impetus for open-source software came in 1991, when Linus Torvalds publicly released his first version of an open-source version of the Unix operating system (now called Linux). In 1998, the Open-Source Initiative (OSI) was formed, stimulated by the announced public distribution of the formerly proprietary Netscape Internet browser. 

The experts, five men and four women, were between the ages of 23 and 34 and studied or graduated in computer science, civil engineering and mechanical engineering. All of them worked at the computer daily and used the communication tools mentioned above. The experts had worked with Windows and Unix operating systems for 7.5 years on average. 

Perl interpreters are available for the Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX operating systems and more often than not is made available as freeware. A number of download sites are listed at the end of this chapter. Because Perl program files are usually compressed to speed downloads, Macintosh users will need to use a utility like UnStuffIt to uncompress the package, whereas Windows users will need WinZip or PKZip. Perl should come as part of the standard software installation on most UNIX-based machines. Typing perl -v at the UNIX prompt will indicate whether the program is indeed installed and, if so, the version number that is available on that machine. 

The names STDIN and STDOUT are derived from standard input and standard output, an idea popularized by the UNIX operating system. Standard input and standard output are abstract files from which a script can accept input and send output, respectively. When a script is first launched, standard input corresponds to the keyboard and standard output corresponds to the computer screen. On Windows and UNIX systems, standard output appears in the command interpreter window. On Macs, the output appears in a small scrolling window that MacPerl creates specifically for this pmpose. When a Perl script is laimched, the user has the option of changing where standard input and output come from and go to. The user can also arrange for the standard output of one script to be sent to the standard input of another script in assembly-line fashion. This is actually a very powerful facility, but one that is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Back-end Processors. An increasing number of hardware vendors supply back-end and parallel processors. These processors usually connect to mini/mainframe computers and increase the throughput of the system for critical operations. Examples are back-end processors that serve as database machines and parallel processors for use with certain numeric-computation algorithms. Many of these processors use the UNIX operating system, so programs common to the chemical/pharmaceutical industry must be converted for use on them. 

The logical separation of screen and iterative searching remains in the search engines. However, with the multitasking capabilities of the UNIX operating system and the... 

Note this is the scheme used in the Unix operating system and its many look alikes. Because of the size of the index blocks, small files are favored over larger files, and if a limit is placed on the number of index blocks, an effective limit is also placed on file size.)... 

Before a process can open a communications channel of some form to the process that will cooperate with it, it needs first to identify the computing system that hosts the server. If both the requesting process and the process which will supply the service requested were developed at the same time by the same team of people, the ends of the virtual communications channel (the so-called ports) can be agreed. Alternatively, a server process can always listen to the same port, waiting for messages. These port identifiers originated with the UNIX operating system and are associated with particular server functions. For exam-... 

Many simulations were implemented using a Cray SVl computer, with 32 processors, 16 GB RAM, 70 GB hard disk memories, 2.4 GHz, Unix operational system [LCCA 2003) and another computer (Onix - SMO) with 4 CPUs, 256 MB RAM and Linux Red Hat operational system (LASB 2003). 

Early systems were based on expensive hardware platforms, called workstations, often based on the UNIX operating system. Today, most systems are... 

Das, Sumitabha. Your UNIX The Ultimate Guide. New York McGraw-HiU, 2005. This introductory textbook provides background and instructions for using the UNIX operating system. 

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