Universal recipient

Type AB blood contains A and B antigens on the red blood cells. Therefore, individuals with this blood type produce neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can receive a transfusion of any blood type. Individuals with type AB blood are referred to as universal recipients. 

People with type A blood also have antibodies against type B blood (anti-B antibodies) in the blood serum. If the person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, the anti-B antibodies bind to the type B blood cells, causing clumping and destruction of those cells that can result in death. Individuals with type B blood also produce anti-A antibodies and therefore cannot receive a transfusion from a type A individual. Those with type AB blood are considered to be universal recipients because they have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their blood. (If they did, they would destroy their own red blood cells ) Thus in emergency situations a patient with type AB blood can receive blood from an individual of any blood type without serious transfusion reactions. Type O blood has no A or B antigens on the RBC but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Because of the presence of both types of antibodies, type O individuals can receive transfusions only from a person who is also type O. On the other hand, the absence of A and B antigens on the red blood cell surface means that type O blood can be safely transfused into patients of any blood type. Hence type O individuals are universal donors. 

Steroids are an extremely important class of natural and pharmaceutical compounds. Synthetic efforts directed toward steroids have been underway for many years and continue to he an area of important research. The synthesis of cholesterol hy R. B. Woodward (Harvard University, recipient of the Nohel Prize in Chemistry for 1965) and co-workers represents a paramount accomplishment in steroid synthesis, and it is rich with examples of carhonyl chemistry and other reactions we have studied. Selected reactions from Woodward s cholesterol synthesis and the questions for this Learning Group Problem are shown in the WileyPLUS materials for this chapter. Access those materials online to complete this problem. 

W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. VetteiTing, Numerical Recipies, The Art of Scientific Computing Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1989). 

The greater part of the book was written while L. S. was Visiting Professor at Harvard University. He sincerely thanks the Chemistry Department for their kind hospitality. W. L. J was a recipient of a Graduate Research Assistantship under the sponsorship of the Department of Chemistry at Harvard and the National Institutes of Health. 

This work was supported by Grant GM 27256 from the National Institutes of Health and Grant DA 02507 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse. LL. is an American Cancer Society Research Professor of Biochemistry (Award PRP-21). H.V.V. is the recipient of a Research Career Award (5K6-AI-2372) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. We thank Dr. Y. Hirata of Meijo University for generous gifts of palytoxin isolated from Palythoa tuberculosa. We thank Dr. T. Yasumoto, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, for the maitotoxin preparation. We thank also Jeffrey A. Bessette and Nancy Worth for their technical assistance and Inez Zimmerman for preparation of the manuscript. 

The authors appreciate the Australian Research Council (ARC) for supporting this project. KMH is a recipient of University Postgraduate Award (UPA) scholarship at the University of New South Wales. 

Fellow at St John s College and was awarded the Humphreys Research prize. At Cambridge, Nigel was a Research Fellow of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and Royal Society University Research Fellow. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1997. Aged 36, Nigel is now Professor at Leicester University and Lister Institute Research Fellow. He is a recipient of the Colworth Medal of the Biochemical Society. His scientific interests include mechanistic and quantum enzymology his recreational interests include Victorian and College philately. 

University of Surrey, UK. He has published 50 papers in peer reviewed national and international journals and contributed chapters to 5 books. He is a recipient of grants from agencies such as UGC, AICTE, DST ... 

Type O blood contains no antigens on the cell surface. In this case, any antibodies that the transfusion recipient may produce (anti-A or anti-B antibodies) have no antigens to attack. Therefore, no immune response against this blood exists. Individuals with type O blood are referred to as universal donors because this blood is suitable for transfusion in all individuals. 

Award, an AstraZeneca Award for Excellence in Chemistry, and an Eli Lilly Grantee Award to C. D.V. D.B.C.M is a recipient of a Roche Excellence in Chemistry Award, and C.D.V. is a fellow of the A.P. Sloan Foundation and is a University of California, Irvine Chancellor s Faculty Fellow. 

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