Potential solid-state

For parameters taken from crystal structures, no systematic predictions can be made of how the intermolecular interactions in the crystal may affect distances and angles. These potential solid state effects preclude comparisons within a level of several hundredths of an A for bond lengths and several degrees for angles. Operational effects are particularly large for C-H bonds, which are characteristically smaller in crystallographic studies compared to those found by the other methods. 

To understand the nature of freeze-tolerance, it is critical to look carefully at (i) the nature of the solid-state water that forms, (ii) where this solid-state water can be generated without lethal effects, and (iii) how the formation of true ice, which is but one of water s potential solid states, is regulated to minimize damage from freezing. As we would predict from the earlier analysis of the types of damage caused by formation of ice in biological fluids, each of these three variables is critical for the development of a successful ability to withstand freezing. 

There are several important hydrated forms of alumina corresponding to the stoichiometries A1(0)0H and Al(OH)3. Addition of ammonia to a boiling solution of an aluminum salt produces a form of A1(0)0H known as boehmite, which may be prepared in other ways also. A second form of A1(0)0H occurs in Nature as the mineral diaspore. The true hydroxide Al(OH)3 is obtained as a crystalline white precipitate when carbon dioxide is passed into alkaline aluminate solutions. It occurs in Nature as the mineral gibbsite. Materials sometimes referred to as /1-aluminas have other ions such as Na+ and Mg2+ present. They possess the idealized composition Na2011Al203. They can act as ion exchangers, have high electrical conductivity, and are potential solid state electrolytes for batteries. 

Kumar, R.V. and Fray, D.J. (1994) Application of novel sensors in the measurement of very low oxygen potentials. Solid State Ionics, 70/71, 588-94. 

Figure 9.6.3 It has been proposed that melittin forms helices on the surface of lipid membranes, which become integrated pores upon application of a membrane potential. Solid-state NMR measurements on N-, C-, or P-labeled membrane proteins have been used for the characterization of the protein-lipid arangements.

The superconducting 1-2-3 phases are known to be chemically sensitive, and in fact are bought to be metastable compounds imder all conditions of temperature and oxygen partial pressure (1). Thus, it is imperative that any material in intimate contact with 1-2-3 phases does not react with the component oxides to form more stable compounds, since such a reaction will destroy the superconducting material. This is especially important for thin fflm applications, since the amount of superconductor is small compared to that of the substrate, and the diffusion path for potential solid state reactions, i.e., the film thickness, is very short. In this paper we will concentrate on searching for materials that should be most stable in contact with the 1-2-3 superconductors, since they appear to be more sensitive to chemical disruption than the more recently discovered Bi- and Tl-based phases. The principles and much of the data presented here can be applied to any oxide superconductor, whether it is presently known or yet to be discovered. 

Due to the highly electron deficient dicyanovinylene moiety, 83a-c and 84b,c showed consistent stabilization of their HOMO and LUMO levels compared to 67d, e, 73, and 76 by approximately 0.15 eV, and 0.6 eV, respectively, as well as a lowered energy gap of approximately 0.5 eV. Furthermore, 83b,c and 84b,c exhibited an approximate +0.6 V shift with respect to 67d,e, 73, and 76 in reduction potentials. Solid state analysis of 84c found that the IF core maintains the bond lengths of the three aromatic benzene rings found in p-terphenyl. Interestingly,... 

Matsuzaki, Y., and Yasuda, I. (1999). Relationship between the steady-state polarization of the SOFC air electrode, Lao.6Sro.4Mn034 /YSZ, and its complex impedance measured at the equilibrium potential. Solid State Ionics 126 307-313. 

Avila-Paredes HJ, Kim S (2006) The effect of segregated transition metal ions on the grain boundary resistivity of gadolinium doped ceria alteration of the space charge potential. Solid State Ion 177 3075-3080... 

Kanoun, M.B., A.E. Merad, H. Aourag, J. Cibert and G. Merad 2003, Molecular-dynamics simulations of structural and thermodynamic properties of ZnTe using a three-body potential. Solid State ScL, 5(9) pp. 1211-1216. 

Uberuaga, B.P. and Vernon, L.J. (2013) Interstitial and vacancy mediated transport mechanisms in perovskites a comparison of chemistry and potentials. Solid State Ionics, 253,18-26. 

Fig. 63. - Ideal and the actual course of a potential solid-state reaction [3] where two leaclams. A and B, undergo synthesis to product, AB, via transient products, AiB and A3B. The formation of the intermediates depends, besides the standard thennodynamic and kinetic factors, on the local concentration (particle closeness) dependent to the degree of reactant segregation. If mixed ideally the models discussed previously Chapter 8 and 9) are applicable. If the agglomeration is effective the synthesis becomes favorable to produce intermediates and the entire course of reaction becomes self-catalyzed and may even exhibit oscillatory character. ...

L. Rapoport, Yu Bilik, Y. Feldnuui, M. Homyonfer, S. R. Cohen, R. Tenne (1997) Hollow nanoparticles of WSj as potential solid-state lubricants, Natum 387,791. 

While the proper crystallization conditions seem crucial for the formation of a specific solid tautomer of IX, the authors anticipate that control, not only of the tautomeric form, but also of potential solid-state tautomeric interconversions could be affected through careful selection of donor/acceptor functionalities of the peripheral groups, which can now be broadened to include a careful selection of a coformer molecule. 

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