United States state initiatives

Prevention of Significant Deterioration. EPA originally issued regulations for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) in December 1974 to protect clean air areas. Three air quaUty classes were designated Class I to protect pristine areas. Class II to allow moderate development, and Class III to permit more intensive development. Most areas in the United States were initially designated as Class II. Many large national parks and wildlife areas have been classified as Class I. 

The average geothermal gradient used in most areas of the United States for initial predictions of subsurface temperatures is a value of0.016°F/ft [32]. 

Stonyfield farms, a commercial processor in the United States, has initiated a "Greener Cow Project" to decrease CIT4 emissions by feeding cows a diet rich in natural omega-3 sources http / www.stonyfield.com/ search/index.jsp q=greener-icow x=12 y=8. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of enteric emissions by an average of 12% and an increase in omega-3 fatty acids in milk. 

The nylon filter currently sold as l- xm pore size Nylasorb (Gelman Sciences), probably the most widely used filter for HN03 sampling in the United States, was initially marketed by Ghia Corporation. Until 1985, these filters were fabricated from nylon 6, a polyamide formed from the homopolymerization of e-caprolactam. More recently, Gelman, Sartorius, and other vendors have supplied filters fabricated from nylon 6,6, made by polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. 

Rice oil, also called rice bran oil, has been used extensively in Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, and Pakistan (1, 2). It is the preferred oil in Japan for its subtle flavor and odor. Interest in rice oil in the United States was initiated after WWll, primarily to provide an additional revenue stream to the rice miller. More recently, interest in rice oil escalated with its identihcation as a healthy oil that reduces serum cholesterol (3, 4). 

Consider some of the Eastern teachers who have come to the United States and initially taught very valuable spiritual material to their Western students, but eventually had their groups turn into cults. Positive feedback, students rewarding the teacher for everything, day after day after day. The public address amplifier that could reproduce vital teachings becomes a device that gives off an ear-splitting squeal. 

In the United States, the initial regulatory methods were the USEPA 8080 series. In 8080, packed column GC-ECD was recommended and calibration was... 

Also in 1888, the first course called chemical engineering in the United States was initiated. Lewis Mills Norton, professor of organic and industrial chemistry in the Chemistry Department at MIT, developed, organised and ran the course until his untimely death at the age of 38 in 1893. The course was the tenth to be offered at MIT and so was labelled Course X. Norton had studied chemistry at MIT and completed a... 

Commercial citric acid fermentation began with the pioneering work of Currie (1917) in the United States, who initiated the first successful industrial production of citric acid in 1923 with Chas. Pfizer in Brooklyn [8]. This venture almost demolished the market position of citric acid from citrus fruits held by Italy. Soon after, attempts were made to establish respective plants in Europe. Interestingly, the first patent was applied for in Austria in 1923 by J. Sziics from... 

Currently the largest focus in e-sdence is in the United Kingdom. In the United States similar initiatives are termed cyberinfrastracture projects. 

Clusters or hospital outbreaks of PCP in the United States were initially reported in immunosuppressed children and more recently in patients with AIDS. Several studies have suggested possible nosocomial transmission between AIDS patients and other immuncompromised patients sharing the same waiting rooms in outpatient clinics (100,101). Although these data are incon-... 

The V/L ratio is a volatility criterion seldom used in France but is used in Japan and in the United States where it has been standardized as ASTM D 2533. At a given temperature and pressure, the V/L ratio represents the volume of vapor formed per unit volume of liquid taken initially at 0°C. 

In the United States butadiene was prepared initially from ethanol and later by cracking four-carbon hydrocarbon streams (see Butadiene). In Germany butadiene was prepared from acetylene via the following steps acetylene — acetaldehyde — 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde — 1,3-butanediol — ... 

Adipic acid is shipped in quantities ranging from 22.7 kg (50-lb bags) to 90.9 t (200,000-lb hopper cars). Upon long standing, the soHd material tends to cake, dependent on such factors as initial particle size and moisture content. Shipping data in the United States are "Adipic Acid," DOT-ID ALT 9077, DOT Hazard Class ORM-E. It is regulated only in packages of 2.3 t (5,000 lb) or more (hopper cars and pressure-differential cars and tmcks) (157). 

Only relatively few compounds can act as primary explosives and still meet the restrictive military and industrial requirements for reflabiUty, ease of manufacture, low cost, compatibiUty, and long-term storage stabiUty under adverse environmental conditions. Most initiator explosives are dense, metaHoorganic compounds. In the United States, the most commonly used explosives for detonators include lead azide, PETN, and HMX. 2,4,6-Triamino-l,3,5-triuitrobenzene (TATB) is also used in electric detonators specially designed for use where stabiUty at elevated temperatures is essential. 

Lead azide is not readily dead-pressed, ie, pressed to a point where it can no longer be initiated. However, this condition is somewhat dependent on the output of the mixture used to ignite the lead azide and the degree of confinement of the system. Because lead azide is a nonconductor, it may be mixed with flaked graphite to form a conductive mix for use in low energy electric detonators. A number of different types of lead azide have been prepared to improve its handling characteristics and performance and to decrease sensitivity. In addition to the dextrinated lead azide commonly used in the United States, service lead azide, which contains a minimum of 97% lead azide and no protective colloid, is used in the United Kingdom. Other varieties include colloidal lead azide (3—4 pm), poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated lead azide, and British RE) 1333 and RE) 1343 lead azide which is precipitated in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (88—92). 

Tetiyl. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylm tramine (tetryl) was used ia pressed form, mostly as a booster explosive and as a base charge ia detonators and blasting caps because of its sensitivity to initiation by primary explosives and its relatively high energy content. Properties are presented ia Table 11 (173). Batch and continuous processes for the production of tetryl have been developed. Tetryl is no longer used ia the United States and has been replaced by RDX (174-178). 

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 limit the amount of benzene in gasoline in the United States to 1% (7). Initially there was some concern that this would dismpt the benzene supply and demand balance in the chemical industry because at that time gasoline contained benzene above 1%. If refiners had to extract all of the benzene above 1%, substantial additional benzene would be produced. However, only modest increases in the quantity of benzene produced from reformer sources is expected as most refiners can adjust the composition of reformer feed and reformer severity to produce less benzene. 

Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid. As indicated in Figure 7, over 95% of the phosphate fertilizer used in the United States is made by processes that require an initial conversion of all or part of the phosphate ore to phosphoric acid. On a worldwide basis also, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer made with phosphoric acid is very high. Thus processes for production of phosphoric acid are of great importance to the fertilizer industry (see PHOSPHORIC ACID AND THE PHOSPHATES). 

In the United States, CNG s initial use is in captive, centrally refueled fleets which require limited range, such as deHvery vans, taxis, or school buses. Such vehicle fleets can afford the capital cost of refueling equipment and can tolerate the slightly longer refueling times. Many utiHty companies, such as Brooklyn Union Gas (New York), have purchased CNG vehicles as a way of encouraging the development of this fuel. AH three domestic automobile manufacturers offer CNG vehicles for sale. 

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