Nosocomial transmission

Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberenlosis among HlV-infeeted persons—Florida and New York, 1988-1991, MMWR, vol. 40, no. 34, 1991,585-591. 

Basu S, Andrews JR, Poolman EM, Gandhi NR, Shah NS, Moll A et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural South African district hospitals an epidemiological modelling study. Lancet 2007 370(9597) 1500-7. 

Khan, A.J., Cotter, S.M., Schulz, B., Hu, Y.L., Roseuberg, J., Robertson, B.H., Fiore, A.E., Bell, B.R. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus infection among residents with diabetes in a skiUed nursing facility Inf Contr. Hosp. Epidem. 2002 23 313-318... 

R. R., Margolis, H.S., Alter, M.J. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with the use of a spring-loaded finger-stick device. New Engl. X Med. 1992 326 721 -725... 

Krause, G., Trepka, M.J., Whisenhunt, R.S., Katz, D., Nainan, O., Wiersma, S.T., Hopkins, R.S. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus associated with the use of multidose saline vials. Infect. Contr. Hosp. Epidem. 2003 24 122-127... 

Vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is bactericidal during cell division at therapeutic concentrations. Bacterial resistance to vancomycin has not been an issue during the first decades of its use. More recently, vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been recovered with increasing frequency from hospitalized patients. In some institutions, multidrug-resistant and vancomycin-resistant enterococci have become important nosocomial pathogens, difficult to treat. Vancomycin-resistant enter-ococcal bacteremia is associated with a poor prognosis. Judicious use of vancomycin and broad-spectrum antibiotics is recommended, and strict infection control measures must be implemented to prevent nosocomial transmission of these organisms (5). 

Some of the arenaviruses, such as Lassa and Machupo, can cause secondary human person-to-person transmission, including nosocomial transmission. Humans can transmit the infection to other humans through direct contact with blood or other excretions. Airborne transmission or transmission through contact with contaminated objects, such as medical equipment, can also cause disease (49). 

Microorganisms are frequently transferred by cross-infection due to hand contact between hospital staff and patients. Cross-infection has been estimated to account for 10-20% of hospital-acquired infections [5]. Hand-body contact, or contact spread, is a mode of nosocomial transmission that is particularly hard to control because the pathogens are environmentally robust and generally more resistant to antimicrobials. 

Nosocomial transmission refers to the spread of a disease within a health-care setting, such as a clinic or hospital. It occurs frequently during Ebola HF outbreaks. It includes both types of transmission described above. In African health-care facilities, patients are often cared for without the use of a mask, gown, or gloves. Exposure to the virus has occurred when health care workers treated individuals with Ebola HF without wearing these types of protective clothing. In addition, when needles or syringes are used, they may not be of the disposable type, or may not... 

Nosocomial transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis found through screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome-Taipei, Taiwan, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004, 53(15) ... 

Clusters or hospital outbreaks of PCP in the United States were initially reported in immunosuppressed children and more recently in patients with AIDS. Several studies have suggested possible nosocomial transmission between AIDS patients and other immuncompromised patients sharing the same waiting rooms in outpatient clinics (100,101). Although these data are incon-... 

Goetz MB, O Brien H, Musser JM, Ward JI. Nosocomial transmission of disease caused by nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Am J Med 1994 96 342-347. 

Blumberg HM, Watkins D, Berschling J, Antle A, Moore P, White N, et al. Preventing the nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1995 122 658-663. 

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