Racial/ethnic differences

A study on racial differences in receipt of analgesics found that nearly three-fourths (74%) of white patients compared with 57% of African American patients received analgesics for lower extremity fractures in emergency departments (Todd et al., 2001). An assessment of racial/ethnic differences in physicians prescriptions of patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain found that after adjustment for age, gender, preoperative... 

Special population differences could be viewed as corollaries of the idea that patient-treatment matching improves treatment. How What models of the etiology of the substance-use disorders seem most flexible to you in incorporating gender, developmental (age), and racial/ethnic differences ... 

Madison T, Schottenfeld D, James SA, Schwartz AG, Gruber SB (2004) Endometrial cancer socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic differences in stage at diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Am J Public Health 94 2104-211... 

People who abuse inhalants are found in both urban and rural settings. Adverse socioeconomic conditions, rather than racial or cultural factors per se, account for most reported ethnic differences in rates of inhalant abuse. Native American youths living on reservations typically have higher rates of inhalant abuse than youths both in the general population and among Native Americans who do not live on reservations (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 1996). 

Fewer than half of all patients with acute stroke are seen in the emergency department (ED) within 3 hours of symptom onset." Patients in remote locations or in hospitals without available stroke expertise may have even more limited access to thrombolysis. In a study of non-urban East Texas communities in the United States, only 1.4% of patients with ischemic stroke received IV rt-PA, versus 14.7% at a university hospital in Houston, the nearest major city. Other studies have linked racial, ethnic, geographic, or socioeconomic differences to low rates of rt-PA utilization," suggesting that populations most underserved by stroke expertise may have the lowest rates of rt-PA delivery. 

Very few studies have focused on ethnic African groups. Therefore, very little is known about the molecular basis of ethnic differences in disease incidence and drug response in native Africans. Unfortunately, previous studies in African American subjects cannot be generalized to include native African populations, due to the great heterogeneity of racial ancestry of African American subjects, as well as other factors. 

Mayberry, R., "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to Medical Care," Henry ]. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1-3 (1999). 

How should society take account of racial and ethnic differences in disease and illness, and of the genetic differences that may underlie some of them May it ever legitimately take those differences into account If so, what limits are required Are there ever duties to use race and ethnicity in making health policy and health care decisions In what cases would racial and ethnic categories be prohibited ... 

Foreign clinical results are acceptable except in areas where there are immunological and ethnic differences between Japanese and foreigners. The ethnic factors are divided into two components intrinsic factors such as racial factors and physiological differences and extrinsic factors, which include cultural and environmental issues. In these cases, the MHLW may require that some bridging comparative clinical trials be performed with dose ranging protocols. This will enable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies to be carried out on Japanese individuals and provide better dosage and indication for the Japanese people. The MHLW also requires that application be accompanied by one year of real-time stability data and that sterility test results be included. 

Benowitz NL, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Swan GE, Jacob P 3rd (2006) Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 79(5) 480 88 Benowitz N, Bernert JT, Caraballo RS, Holiday DB, Wang J (2008a) Optimal Serum Cotinine Levels to Distinguish Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers within Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in the United States Between 1999-2004. Am J Epidemiol (in press)... 

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