United Nations abuse

United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse , ST/NAR/13/BJiV.l, United Nations, New York, 1994. 

The Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ) is the mechanism through which Member States report to the United Nations on the drug control situations in their respective countries. The ARQ is integral to UNODC data collection activities. It is completed annually by member states and consists of three parts, (I) Legislative and administrative measures (II) Extent, patterns and trends of drug abuse, and (III) Illicit Supply of Drugs. 

Study entitled Global Illicit Drug Trends conducted by the United Nations Office for Dmg Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP), estimates that 14 million people use cocaine worldwide. Although cocaine use leveled off, the United States still maintains the highest levels of cocaine abuse. 

In a 2001 study entitled Global Illicit Drug Trends conducted by the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP), it was estimated that 14 million people used cocaine worldwide. Though cocaine use has leveled off in the United States, it still leads the world in cocaine abuse. In 1999, cocaine use was stable in the United States, but increased in Western Europe and in several South American countries. Because of the addictive and destructive nature of cocaine, there is a concerted worldwide effort to reduce the production and illicit use of cocaine. 

As of 2002, about 14 million people worldwide use cocaine. According to the ONDCP, the United States leads the world in cocaine abuse. While U.S. cocaine use has remained relatively stable over the last decade, the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs reported in March 2000 that 34 countries out of 112 reported an increase in cocaine use from 1997 to 1998. In the European Union, the increase in cocaine use was mainly in the group of people aged 16 to 29 years. 

There is now a considerable body of evidence that the problem of drug use is increasing. Attempts to control drug use and abuse are made at the international level through United Nations legislative documents, which are mirrored in signatory states by legislation at the national and sub-national levels. 

Inhalants have a very serious abuse potential that is often overlooked or downplayed. In 1998, estimates generated from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse calculated that every 46 seconds someone in the United States abuses an inhalant for the first time. This number is very near the estimate for cocaine (43 seconds). Though inhalant abuse is often less recognized, as Chapter 7 describes, it is no less dangerous than other forms of substance abuse. 

Flanagan, R.J., P.J Streete, and J.D. Ramsey. Volatile Substance Abuse Practical Guidelines for Analytical Investigation of Suspected Gases and Interpretation of Results. UNDCP Technical Series, No. 5. Vienna, Austria United Nations Office on Drugs and Grime, 1997. 

The World Health Organizahon adopts the definition of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Drugs (1971). Drug abuse means the use of psychotropic substances in a way that woidd constitute a public health and social problem. ... 

Opium poppy Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants and has been cultivated since early centuries. Opium, the dried cytoplasm of a specialized internal secretory system called the laticifer, is normally collected from the unripe capsule. It is the source for the commercial production of medicinally important alkaloids, morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine [130, 131], Fig. (61). Morphine, which has strong addictive property, is still the most effective analgesic for the treatment of mortal cancer patients in modem medicine. Codeine is commonly used as an antitussive. However, field cultivation of this plant has been limited since 1953 by the United Nations Opium Conference Protocol to prevent narcotic crimes. Therefore, establishing tissue culture technique for the production of morphinan alkaloids seems to be desirable not only for medicinal purpose but also for decreasing abuse of opiates. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) was established on April 7, 1948. It is a special agency of the United Nations (UN) and is very concerned with international public health. Since it started, the organization has had a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current focus includes communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, tuberculosis, and malaria. Other areas of interest include non-communicable diseases, development and aging, nutrition, food safety, substance abuse, and occupational health (which can be affected by contaminants at the workplace). This chapter describes the World Health Organization and discusses its standards (acceptable limits of various contaminants present in the air, water, etc.), especially in regards to the heavy metals and several other metallic materials. 

Safety of the system has been a watchword for Li-Ion batteries. They have the ability to self-destruct if abused. Manufacturers are careful to ensure that the cells are safe in normal operations. In addition, cell designs incorporate features such as devices that shut off current flow when an abuse condition arises. The United Nations as well as the transportation agency in each conntry have requirements for testing to ensure a safe product for shipping. 

A Figure 7.16 The proposed reaction for LSD (an indole) and Ehrlich s reagent. Adapted from "United Nations Scientific and Technical Notes," Chemistry and Reaction Mechanisms of Rapid Tests for Drugs of Abuse and Precursor Chemicals, 1989. 

Simma B, Paulus AL (2004) The responsibility of individuals for human rights abuses in internal conflicts a positivist view. In Ratner SR, Slaughter A-M (eds) The methods of international law. Ameiiean Soeiety of International Law, Washington, DC, pp 23-46 Sohn LB (1995) Sources of international law. Ga J Int Comp Law 25 399-406 Sureda AR (1973) The evolution of the right of self-determination - a study of United Nations practice. A W Sijthoff, Leiden... 

In order to evaluate possible risks involved in such a change, the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory has recently convened a working group of experts in Geneva to consider the feasibility of an illicit conversion of thebaine into drugs of abuse. The experts came to the conclusion that the available methods are not likely to be carried out in clandestine laboratories. Should the usual source for heroin production disappear, it would be much more probable that the illicit manufacture would shift to certain entirely synthetic materials of high physiological potency which are fairly easy to prepare. 

United Nations Narcotics Laboratory, Report of an Expert Group on the Feasibility of the Conversion of Thebaine into Drugs of Abuse and of Potential Abuse , January 1976, Geneva. 

According to the United Nations Population Fund, one in three women globally is sexually abused, most often by her husband or another male family member. Though it may contribute to the problem, the Bible is not responsible for this widespread phenomenon. But the ideology that informs these biblical texts is, an ideology according to which women s bodies are the property of men and female sexuality is subject to—indeed, requires—male control. A woman whose behaviour brings dishonour upon her husband (or father or... 

Drew, op. cit., p. 673 (questioning the United Nations choice of delegating security to Indonesian forces, in light of the latter s penchant for human rights abuses against the East Timorese ). 

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