Tissue cultures technique

The virucidal activity of chemicals is difficult to determine in the laboratory. Tissue culture techniques are the most common methods for growing and estimating viruses however, antimicrobial agents may also adversely affect the tissue culture see also Chapter 11. 

Enzyme assays—both kinetic and end-point radiocoordination of proteins, lipid assays, receptor binding assays and tissue-culture techniques... 

TR146 cell culture. With the development of tissue culture techniques, it is anticipated that various cell culture models may be developed with similar morphological and barrier properties to normal intact buccal mucosa. Such models may be very useful in assessing the buccal permeability and metabolism of many compounds. 

Stocker FW, Eiring A, Georgiade R, Georgiade N. A tissue culture technique for growing corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial tissues separately. Am J Ophthalmol 46 294-298 (1958). 

Yoshida S, Ogawa M, Suenaga K, He C. 1983. Induction and selection of salt-tolerant mutant rices by tissue culture-recent progress at IRRI. In Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques for Cereal Crop Improvement. Beijing Science Press, 237-254. 

The chemical synthesis of natural flavours started some time ago with the synthesis of coumarin in 1868 and vanillin in 1874 [7]. The development of the petrochemical industry and the availability of cheap oil has meant that most of the plant-derived products are now synthesised from crude oil. In addition, flavours can now be produced using microbial cultures. Thus, to achieve sustainable development plants will have to provide many of the products currently produced from petrochemicals, including flavours. In this chapter the possible use of plant tissue culture techniques and processes in the sustainable production of flavours is outlined and discussed. 

Milstein, C., Monoclonal antibodies. Sci. Am. 243(4) 66-74, 1980. An exciting, tissue-culture technique for obtaining pure antibodies specific for an antigen of choice. 

It is not desirable to routinely use antibiotics in tissue culture. Antibiotics may limit growth of contaminants without eradicating them, ultimately having a detrimental effect on the cells. Sound tissue culture technique conducted in suitable facilities with appropriate equipment is sufficient to maintain established cell lines. However, hybridomas are expensive to produce and are often unique, and therefore the inclusion of antibiotics in the early expansion stages acts as an added safeguard against contamination. 

Yasumura Y, Kawakita M (1963), The research for the SV40 by means of tissue culture technique, Nippon Rinsho 21 1201-1219. 

This process, outlined in Figure 2, could be useful in a breeding program. As in classical breeding, first a quality culti-var is chosen. Established tissue culture techniques are then utilized. The material is placed into culture which allows selection by classical methods or the insertion of new genes. After the tissue with a new trait has been produced, it can be regenerated into a quality cultivar containing the new desired trait. 

By then Huzella had completely lost interest in my project which proposed that argyrophil fibers were artifacts made of this obscure polysaccharide called hyaluronic acid between the collagen fibers. Huzella never accepted this conclusion because he had absolutely no interest in polysaccharides. But, being a gentleman, he let me continue my work. It was important for my future work that I started in histology and learned tissue culture techniques, and through my research on hyaluronic acid, I also learned biochemistry. 

Plant tissue culture technique is one of the promising tools to ensure sustainable use of plant resources. There are three main strategies used in the biotechnological application of medicinal plants. The first is micropropagation for mass production of nurseries, the second is synthetic/artificial production of secondary metabolites of medicinal value and the third is molecular breeding for crop improvement. 

Opium poppy Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants and has been cultivated since early centuries. Opium, the dried cytoplasm of a specialized internal secretory system called the laticifer, is normally collected from the unripe capsule. It is the source for the commercial production of medicinally important alkaloids, morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine [130, 131], Fig. (61). Morphine, which has strong addictive property, is still the most effective analgesic for the treatment of mortal cancer patients in modem medicine. Codeine is commonly used as an antitussive. However, field cultivation of this plant has been limited since 1953 by the United Nations Opium Conference Protocol to prevent narcotic crimes. Therefore, establishing tissue culture technique for the production of morphinan alkaloids seems to be desirable not only for medicinal purpose but also for decreasing abuse of opiates. 

The normal tissue lysis activators are proteins. One such activator from the kidney is urokinase. This enzyme has not been found systemically, but only in the kidney and urine. It directly activates plasminogen to plasmin by hydrolysis of a small peptide from the plasminogen molecule. Other known enzymatic activators are streptokinase and brinase, which have been discussed elsewhere.82>83 Urokinase can be isolated from urine in small amounts. This has made it a very expensive material. Abbott Laboratories has developed a tissue culture technique in which kidney cells are grown under exacting conditions and urokinase is isolated.84 Recently Abbott Laboratories made a request to the FDA for a license to sell this form of urokinase called Abbokinase . This process should increase the availability of urokinase and decrease its cost. 

Recent advances in cell and tissue culture techniques provide the potential for evaluation of drug transport or metabolism processes at the placenta. Techniques are available for culturing trophoblasts of both animal and human origin.106 However, our focus here is primarily on human systems. Primary explant and isolated cell cultures of human cytotrophoblasts have been well described 106-109 however, these systems do not form confluent monolayer systems adequate for transcellular transport studies.105... 

Practical aspects of tissue culture techniques have been reviewed by Adams (1980). 

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