United Kingdom total

United Kingdom Total Europe merica Acordis Grimsby... 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Total consumption of TiF in both the United States and Europe is less than 500 kg/yr. TiF is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich, Aesar, Johnson/Matthey, Cerac, PCR, and Pfalt2 Bauer of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Schuchardt of Germany. Its 1993 price varied between 300 to 400/kg. 

In Western Europe, the CPC producers are equally varied. The following is a partial Hst of the larger companies with total CPC production capacity (10 t) at all sites shown in parentheses Atochem SA (148.5, Prance and Spain), Hoescht AG (102.0, Germany), KaH-Chemie AG (66.0, Germany and Spain), Montefluos SpA (100.0, Italy), and ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd. (>113.6, United Kingdom). These producers account for over 80% of the Western European CPC production. 

Consumptions of primary tin for chemical appHcations by the five reporting countries from 1975 to 1980 is shown in Table 12. The use of primary tin in chemical appHcations increased sharply in the United States and Germany, but declined in the United Kingdom and Italy. In 1979, ca 11% of the total U.S. demand for tin was accounted for by tin chemicals. In 1977, the tin consumption in tin chemicals production was based on ca 80% primary tin usage... 

Japan, as of January 1, 1989, had a total capacity of 28 thousand metric tons of monochlorobenzene and 49 thousand tons of dichlorobenzenes. The Japanese prices have remained fairly constant since 1985. The Japanese consumption of -dichlorobenzene is 81% for moth control, 11% for PPS resins, and 8% for dye-stuffs. There has been very Htde export from Japan of chlorobenzenes and imports have been mainly -dichlorobenzene from the United States, Germany, Prance, and the United Kingdom. 

Some studies have also reported PBDE levels in sediments collected near industry facilities. Sellstrom et al. [29] reported total PBDE concentration levels between nd and 364 ng/g dw (nd-360 ng/g dw for BDE-209) in river sediments from a Swedish river with numerous textile industries. Higher PBDE levels up to 1,400 ng/g dw (nd-399 ng/g dw for BDE-209) were found downstream from a foam manufacturing plant using PBDEs in the United Kingdom [31]. BDE-209 burdens up to 4,600 ng/g dw have also been reported on suspended particulates from Dutch surface waters, decreasing with distance from a textile facility [42]. Our PBDE results were considerably higher than those reported for sediments collected near industrial areas, probably because of the small dilution factor of the Vero River at this area, which has an average flow of 2.1 m3/s. 

Sludge, total PAHs, United Kingdom, 12 sites (mg/kg) ... 

As the protective barrier between the body and the external environment, the skin is exposed to potentially damaging chemicals on a daily basis. It has been estimated that approximately 80,000 chemicals are in common use worldwide [5] and new products are being continuously introduced. Chemical production for most countries increased in 2004 with an increase in the total production index for all chemicals of 2.9% in the United States, 4.3% in the United Kingdom, and 6.8% in Canada [6], As new products are being developed and chemical production increases, toxicologists are faced with the need to develop improved methods for evaluating the potential of these chemicals to induce contact dermatitis. 

Ashton D, Hilton M, Thomas KV (2004) Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. Sci Total Environ 333 167-184... 

The effectiveness of various measures to contain expenditure on medicines in the United Kingdom can only be assessed in the context of the situation in other European Union coimtries. Table 26.1 gives data for the total expenditure on health care as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP),... 

The National Health Service spends more than 8.6 billion a year on medicines, yet this represents less than 13 per cent of its total expenditure. Medicine exports are worth over 10 billion a year - the United Kingdom s third largest foreign exchange earner in manufactured goods. Nearly a quarter of the world s top 100 medicines were discovered in Britain. 

With the increased level of research and interest in the field, an additional international meeting held between the two European meetings seemed desirable. With this in mind, a mposium was organized as part of the International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies. The mposium included oral presentations and a poster session, with a total of 50 contributions. The contributions came from nine countries 11 fi om the United States, 20 firom Japan, 3 from Australia, 1 firom the United Kingdom, 2 from Italy, 4 from the Federal Republic of Germany, 5 from the Netherlands, 3 from Sweden, and 1 from Czechoslovakia. 

Table 1.18 lists the highest 25 of the top 50 chemical companies in the world, also published by Chemical and Engineering News annually, ranked by chemical sales. The full list includes 15 countries. The U.S. dominates the list with a total of 17 companies. Other countries represented are the following Japan, 6 Germany, 5 United Kingdom, 5 France, 4 ... 

Fifth, when total refusal is advised, political will is sometimes tested. The best example from the United Kingdom concerns beta interferon for multiple sclerosis NICE twice advised against its use on grounds of lack of cost effectiveness. Faced with a potential political backlash, the ministry devised a risk-sharing plan under which patients were to be monitored over time. If the long-term outcome for patients is not as good as the manufacturers suggest, they may have to refund some of their sales revenues (U.K. Department of Health 2002). 

Khokhar, S. and Magnusdottir, S.G.M., Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 565, 2002. 

Baek, S. O., M. E. Goldstone, P. W. W. Kirk, J. N. Lester, and R. Perry, Concentrations of Particulate and Gaseous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in London Air Following a Reduction in the Lead Content of Petrol in the United Kingdom, Sci. Total Environ., Ill, 169-199 (1992). 

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