Ultra-low-volume formulation

ULV has been commonly used as an abbreviation tor ultra-low-volume formulations. The standard GCPF (formerly GIFAP) 2-character code is UL (8). 

Formulations applied as sprays include wettable powders, suspension concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, encapsulated formulations and ultra-low-volume formulations. Wettable powders consist of finely divided pesticide particles combined with a finely ground dry carrier (e.g., synthetic silica, mineral clay) and surfactants (6). When the powder is mixed with water, a stable homogeneous particle suspension is formed. Suspension concentrates are particulate insecticides premixed with a liquid. When sprayed onto porous media, the water in particle suspensions penetrates the medium leaving the insecticide at the surface. On nonporous surfaces, the water evaporates leaving a deposit. 

Uses Pure endosulfan is a colorless crystal. The USEPA has grouped it under RUP. The technical-grade endosulfan is made up of a mixture of two molecular forms (isomers) of endosulfan, the alpha- and beta-isomers and appears brown to yellow in color. The formulations of endosulfan include emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid, and smoke tablets.14... 

Uses Pure azinphos-methyl is a white crystalline solid technical azinphos-methyl is a brown waxy solid. Based on toxicity, the USEPA has grouped it under RUP. Azinphos-methyl is a highly persistent, broad-spectrum insecticide. It is used for the control of mites and ticks, and it is poisonous to snails and slugs. It also is used in the control of many insect pests on a wide variety of fruit, vegetable, nut, and held crops, as well as on ornamentals, tobacco, and forest and shade trees. Outside the United States, azinphos-methyl is used in lowland rice production. Azinphos-methyl is available in emulsihable liquid, liquid flowable, ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid, and wettable powder formulations.28,29... 

Uses The formulations of fenitrothion include dusts, emulsifiable concentrate, flowable, fogging concentrate, granules, ultra-low volume, oil-based liquid spray, and wettable powder formulations (Novathion 500-E, EC as a 95% concentrate,... 

Uses Pure fenthion is a colorless liquid. Technical fenthion is a yellow or brown oily liquid with a weak garlic odor. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and requires handling by qualified, certified, and trained workers. Fenthion is used for the control of sucking and biting pests (e.g., fruitflies, stem borers, mosquitoes, cereal bugs). In mosquitoes, it is toxic to both the adult and the immature forms (larvae). The formulations of fenthion include dust, emulsifiable concentrate, granular, liquid concentrate, spray concentrate, ultra-low volume, and wettable powder.28... 

Deltamethrin is a crystalline powder, white or slightly beige in color. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, ultra-low volume and flowable formulations, and granules. There are no known incompatibilities with other common insecticides and fungicides. It is used as a contact poison to control apple and pear suckers, plum fruit moths, caterpillars on brassicas, pea moths, aphids (apples, plums, hops), winter moths (apples and plums), and codling and tortrix moths (apples). It also is used in control of aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies on glasshouse cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, potted plants, and ornamentals.9-11... 

Organophosphorus compounds such as malathion and fenitrothion were introduced in 1975 and remained in use in 1997 in seven countries. WP formulations are the most common for indoor residual applications. However, in some countries, notably Brazil and Mexico, malathion and fenitrothion ultra-low-volume (UL) sprays and fogging have also been used as space sprays. In Brazil, malaria has been restricted to the Amazonian region, where precarious housing... 

Naled is a fast acting, nonsystemic contact and stomach organophosphorus insecticide used to control aphids, mites, mosquitoes, and flies on crops and in greenhouses, mushroom houses, animal and poultry houses, kennels, food processing plants, and aquaria. Naled is also used in outdoor mosquito control. Liquid formulations can be applied to greenhouse heating pipes to kill insects by vapor action. It has been used by veterinarians to kill parasitic worms (other than tapeworms) in dogs. Naled is available in dust, emulsion concentrate, liquid, and ultra-low volume (ULV) formulations. 

One advantage of the cold fog is that the amount of diluent is minimal and ultra-low volume applications are possible, compared with a thermal fog where the pesticide is diluted in a large volume of carrier. The diluent was usually based on oil or diesel, but, rather than use specialised formulations, water is increasingly used with conventional formulations in combination with an adjuvant. Secondly, cold fog treatments can be carried out when the area is unoccupied, by using a remote con trol/timer, while constant supervision of a thermal fogger is necessary. 

Because large areas of land can be covered quickly, some pesticide formulations are able to be applied uniformly at rates as low as 21itres/ha (undiluted Ultra Low Volume (ULV) formulations) and lkg/ha (e.g. some sand granule formulations of insecticide). 

Table 6.5 shows droplet size data obtained in a wind tunnel with a commercial insecticide formulation, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) formulation of endosulfan. The formulation, mixture and any added adjuvants can have a significant effect upon droplet production, and should be evaluated where specific spectra are required. 

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