Typical Feedstock and Products

The model provides a performance reference to evaluate commercial reformer operation by taking into account the wide variation in operating conditions, feedstocks, and product octane typically experienced commercially. Such variations in reformate yield have already been discussed in Fig. 29, where the model effectively predicts the yield variations. As a monitoring tool, the model is routinely used to assess reformer yield and activity losses due to catalyst deactivation relative to fresh catalyst model estimates. When commercial yield and/or activity losses relative to the model are uneconomical, a decision to regenerate the catalyst is made. A typical monitoring trend (Fig. 36) illustrates the use of the model as a performance reference. 

Review of toxicity of feedstocks and products and their typical impurities, by-products, and intermediates, and effluents, catalysts, and solvents, additives of all types, unexpected products generated under abnormal process conditions... 

Table 7.4 illustrates a typical operating margin calculation. The unit operating margin calculated for the OPEN and CLOSED systems when the value of the feedstock and products are as shown in the table are 749/t and 606/t respectively. 

The second phase is the feasibility study. This stage may require the expenditure of 1 to 2% of the total project cost. Thus for a 1,000 million project about 20 million will be required. This will define the location, feedstock and product market and the technology to be used. It will also typically encompass outline regulatory approval and assessment of environmental impacts. The error in the estimate is typically not less than about +/-10%. Financiers (bankers and corporate boards) like the error to be +1-5%. This level of estimate can usually only be achieved by a FEED study. 

TABLE 6.4 Typical Biomass Densification Hardware, Feedstocks, and Products"... 

The subject of refinery hydrocracking has been reviewed in detail elsewhere [3]. It is applied for the conversion of a range of heavy fiactions (typically rich in all of sulphur, nitrogen, metals and polyaromatics) to lighter products, mostly diesel, jet fuel and gasoline (the latter mostly in USA). A variety of catalysts have been developed, depending on feedstock and product demands. Hydrogen transfer is mediated via either noble metals (e.g. Pt, Pd) or combinations of... 

Table 3.21 Typical data for catalytic reforming feedstock and products...

Conversion (upgrading) of bitumen and heavy oils to distillate products requires reduction of the MW and boiling point of the components of the feedstocks. The chemistry of this transformation to lighter products is extremely complex, partly because the petroleum feedstocks are complicated mixtures of hydrocarbons, consisting of 10 to 10 different molecules. Any structural information regarding the chemical nature of these materials would help to understand the chemistry of the process and, hence, it would be possible to improve process yields and product quality. However, because of the complexity of the mixture, the characterization of entire petroleum feedstocks and products is difficult, if not impossible. One way to simpHfy this molecular variety is to separate the feedstocks and products into different fractions (classes of components) by distillation, solubility/insolubility, and adsorption/desorption techniques. For bitumen and heavy oils, there are a number of methods that have been developed based on solubility and adsorption. The most common standard method used in the petroleum industry for separation of heavy oils into compound classes is SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) analysis. Typical SARA analyses and properties for Athabasca and Cold Lake bitumens, achieved using a modified SARA method, are shown in Table 1. For comparison, SARA analysis of Athabasca bitumen by the standard ASTM method is also shown in this table. The discrepancy in the results between the standard and modified ASTM methods is a result of the aromatics being eluted with a... 

A typical medium-size refinery has hundreds of pumps, heat exchangers and drums dozens of furnaces, compressors, and high temperature/high pressure reactors and thousands of control loops and associated advanced computer control technologies. This same typical refinery has dozens of different crudes and other feedstocks to choose from and dozens of products to maximize or minimize based on consumer demands and global market-place economics. In addition to daily decisions about feedstocks and products, there are also hundreds of decisions to be made each day about operahng temperatures, pressures, unit feed rates, catalyst addition rates, cycle times, dishllation cut points, product sjjedfications, inventory levels, etc. 

Table 10.5 gives yields and properties of reformer products coming from a typical feedstock. 

Typical feedstock, yields and product properties from an alkylation unit. 

Typical feedstock composition and product properties for the synthesis of MTBE-ETBE. 

Typical feedstock composition used for tame synthesis. Product performance and properties. 

Table 10.9 Typical oligomerization feedstock compositions. Performance and product properties. ...

Typical composition of a coking feedstock. Yields and product properties. 

Table 10.16 gives a typical feedstock composition, as well as yields and product properties. 

Typical feedstock composition, yields and product properties for a hydrorefining unit (to be continued). 1... 

Typical Feedstocks composition, performance and product properties from mild hydrocracking. I... 

Typical hydrotreating feedstock composition. Performance and product properties. 

The feedstocks used ia the production of petroleum resias are obtaiaed mainly from the low pressure vapor-phase cracking (steam cracking) and subsequent fractionation of petroleum distillates ranging from light naphthas to gas oil fractions, which typically boil ia the 20—450°C range (16). Obtaiaed from this process are feedstreams composed of atiphatic, aromatic, and cycloatiphatic olefins and diolefins, which are subsequently polymerized to yield resias of various compositioas and physical properties. Typically, feedstocks are divided iato atiphatic, cycloatiphatic, and aromatic streams. Table 2 illustrates the predominant olefinic hydrocarbons obtained from steam cracking processes for petroleum resia synthesis (18). 

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