Types flake

Scattered pinpoint frosting the peel is near the basal layer (Figure 14.1) Sunburn-type flaking (Figure 14.2)... 

Natural graphite is classified into three general types flake (also known asp/umbago), crystalline (vein), and amorphous, varying in physical properties, appearance, chemical composition, and impurities. These differences stem from the type of precursor material (oil, coal, or other carbonaceous deposits) and the natural process by which graphite was formed. Table 10.2 summarizes the characteristics ofthesethreetypes.I lPl... 

Cmmbles are formed by grinding pellets to the desired sizes. Specialty feeds such as flakes can be made by mnning newly manufactured pellets through a press or through use of a double dmm dryer. The latter type of flakes begin as a slurry of feed ingredients and water. When the slurry is pressed between the hot rollers of the double dmm dryer, wafer thin sheets of dry feed are produced that are then broken into small pieces. The different colors observed in some tropical fish foods represent a mixture of flakes, each of which contains one or more different additives that impart color. 

Sorted plastic packaging materials are shipped, usually in bales, to processing plants to be converted to polymer resins. The bales are broken and the bottles sorted to ensure that only one type of polymer is further processed. Processing consists of chopping and grinding the bottles into flakes. These flakes are washed. Processing steps such as flotation are used to remove polymeric contaminants from the flakes (15,16). The flakes are melted and converted into pellets. 

Com as com flakes, sweet com, com as various types of flour and meal, popcorn, other snacks foods such as chips, and com juice as sweeteners, com used in fermentation for beer and in the production of alcohol, and corncobs and stalks used as carriers for various chemicals and medications, as fiber sources, and for the improvement of soil condition by plowing under stalks, are some of the uses for this versatile crop. See Ref. 75 for more information on corn. 

Lead azide is not readily dead-pressed, ie, pressed to a point where it can no longer be initiated. However, this condition is somewhat dependent on the output of the mixture used to ignite the lead azide and the degree of confinement of the system. Because lead azide is a nonconductor, it may be mixed with flaked graphite to form a conductive mix for use in low energy electric detonators. A number of different types of lead azide have been prepared to improve its handling characteristics and performance and to decrease sensitivity. In addition to the dextrinated lead azide commonly used in the United States, service lead azide, which contains a minimum of 97% lead azide and no protective colloid, is used in the United Kingdom. Other varieties include colloidal lead azide (3—4 pm), poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated lead azide, and British RE) 1333 and RE) 1343 lead azide which is precipitated in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (88—92). 

Moving-bed percolation systems are used for extraction from many types of ceUular particles such as seeds, beans, and peanuts (see Nuts). In most of these cases organic solvents are used to extract the oils from the particles. Pre-treatment of the seed or nut is usually necessary to increase the number of ceUs exposed to the solvent by increasing the specific surface by flaking or rolling. The oil-rich solvent (or misceUa) solution often contains a small proportion of fine particles which must be removed, as weU as the oil separated from the solvent after leaching. 

Properties. Limited data are available for the types or grades of commercial agar which is usually in the form of chopped shreds, sheets, flakes, granules, or powder. The official specifications for agar are provided in the USP (12) and the Food Chemicals Codex (13). 

Shampoos have been prepared in various forms, and have included systems that are thick and thin, clear and opaque, pourable Hquids, soflds, gels, pastes, powders, flakes, and aerosol types. In many cases, shampoos have been prepared and directed for various hair types, eg, normal, dry, damaged, and color treated. Most marketed shampoos (ca 1993) are primarily clear Hquid and opaque lotion types gel and paste forms also are available. Aerosol shampoos are available to the consumer however, their impact on the market has been limited to the dry shampoo aerosol. 

The general pieces of equipment used in grinding flake mica or mica concentrate into saleable mica products are hammer mills of various types, fluid energy mills, Chaser or Muller mills for wet grinding, and Raymond or WiUiams high side roUer mills. Another method is being developed, called a Duncan mill (f. M. Huber, Inc.), that is similar in many respects to an attrition mill. AH of these mills are used in conjunction with sieves, and all but some types of hammer mills incorporate air classifiers as a part of the circuit. 

Sealers. Mica is used in all types of sealers for porous surfaces, such as waHboard masonry, and concrete blocks, to reduce penetration and improve holdout (see Sealants). It permits a thicker film to be appHed and at the same time reduces sagging. Cracking is reduced by the reinforcing action of the flakes, and gaps and holes in rough masonry are bridged by the mica flakes. 

Naphthalenol. 2-Naphthol or p-naphthol or 2-hydroxynaphthalene/7i3 -/5 -i7 melts at 122°C and boils at 295°C, and forms colorless crystals of characteristic, phenoHc odor which darken on exposure to air or light. 2-Naphthol [135-19-3] is manufactured by fusion of sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide at ca 325°C, acidification of the drowned fusion mass which is quenched ia water, isolation and water-washing of the 2-naphthalenol, and vacuum distillation and flaking of the product. A continuous process of this type has been patented (69). The high sulfate content ia the primary effluent from 2-naphthol production is greatiy reduced ia modem production plants by the recovery of sodium sulfate. 

Lost circulation materials are flake, fiber, or granular-shaped particles. Each type is sold individually, often in two or more size grades, or two or more materials of different shapes may be sold as a blend (133—136). Materials of different shapes and sizes are often blended into the mud at the well site. 

Plastic components can be leached into the product and the alkalinity also can be affected by certain types of glass (qv). Particulate matter can be introduced by flaking from container surfaces. The containers also must be able to withstand the heat and pressure of sterilization. 

Wood FIa.ke Boards. This category covers a range of products depending on the size and orientation of the wood flakes used. The earliest product was made in the 1950s using low density wood species, such as aspen and pine, with the flakes bonded together with phenoHc resins. Today there are two types of flake board, waferboard and oriented strand board (OSB). 

Paiiicle. shape. Some types are pellets, egg shapes, blocks, spheres, flakes, chips, rods, filaments, ciystals, or irregular shapes. 

Rotating-drum-type and belt-type heat-transfer equipment forms granular products directly from fluid pastes and melts without intermediate preforms. These processes are described in Sec. 5 as examples of indirect heat transfer to and from the solid phase. When solidification results from melt freezing, the operation is known as flaking. If evaporation occurs, solidification is by diying. 

As with chemical etches, developing optimum conversion coatings requires assessment of the microstructure of the steel. Correlations have been found between the microstructure of the substrate material and the nature of the phosphate films formed. Aloru et al. demonstrated that the type of phosphate crystal formed varies with the orientation of the underlying steel crystal lattice [154]. Fig. 32 illustrates the different phosphate crystal morphologies that formed on two heat-treated surfaces. The fine flake structure formed on the tempered martensite surface promotes adhesion more effectively than the knobby protrusions formed on the cold-rolled steel. 

Another major type of equipment among the family of crystallizers is the flaker. The flaker is a piece of equipment that is used for the production by chilling of flakes, chips, large crumbs, or crystals from a hot, concentrated solution or melted crystals. 

Polyester/glass-flake linings can be applied onsite because they cure at ambient temperature. Their corrosion resistance depends on the type of polyester resin used. 

Several coats of resin are applied to the prepared substrate at approximately 4- to 6-hour intervals, with one or more coats being dressed with colored paint flakes which are sealed in by the next coat and then lightly sanded. This type of flooring was widely marketed about ten years ago but, in the main, they were considered unsatisfactory due to rapid discoloration of the floor because of the lack of ultraviolet stability of the urethane resins used, which rapidly turned yellow-brown and looked dirty. However, ultraviolet-stable urethane resins that do not suffer this discoloration are now available, and this type of durable decorative flooring is gaining re-acceptance (for example, for kitchens, toilets and reception areas). 

Aluminum-based primer plus alkyd finish The binder for these primers is normally oleo-resinous but the pigmentation is aluminum flake. This type is preferred for hardwoods and softwoods where knots or resinous areas predominate. They do not give such a smooth surface as primers without aluminum. 

The fact that plastics are good insulators does not mean that plastics are inert in an electrical field. They can in fact conduct electricity using certain plastics but more so by the addition of fillers such as carbon black and metallic flake (Fig. 4-4). The type and... 

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