Tumor necrosis factor enhances

E. M. Conway. R. Bach, R. D. Rosenberg, and W. H. Konigsberg. Tumor Necrosis Factor Enhances Expression of Tissue Factor mRN A in Endothelial Cells, Thrombosis Research.53 (19S9) 231-241. 

Silberstein, D.S. and David, J.R. (1986). Tumor necrosis factor enhances eosinophil toxicity to Schistosoma mansoni larvae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1055-1059. 

The stimulation of mesangial cells to release and respond to tumor necrosis factor may accelerate the glomerular infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Indeed, the injection of tumor necrosis factor enhances glomerular damage in some forms of experimental glomerulonephritis [161]. Another important target is the vascular endothelium where an increase in the local production of tumor necrosis factor-a may result in the formation of capillary thrombi. An increase in plasma and urinary levels of two soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors has be found in patients with chronic renal failure [162]. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

K4. Katz, Y., and Strunk, R. C Enhanced synthesis of factor B induced by tumor necrosis factor in human skin fibroblastis is decreased by IL-4. J. Immunol. 144,4675-4680 (1990). 

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 enhance slow-wave sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 253, R142-9. 

Lugli, S.M., Feng, N., Heim, M.H., Adam, M., Schnyder, B., Etter, H., Yamage, M., Eugster, H.P., Lutz, R.A., Zurawski, G. and Moser, R. (1997) Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances the expression of the interleukin (IL)M receptor alpha-chain on endothelial cells increasing IL-4 or IL-13-induced Stat6 activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 5487-5494. 

Curnis F, Sacchi A, Borgna L et al. Enhancement of tumor necrosis factor alpha antitumor immunotherapeutic properties by targeted delivery to aminopepti-daseN (CD13). Nature Biotechnol 2000 18 1185-1190. 

Visaria RK, Griffin RJ, Williams BW, Ebbini ES, Paciotti GF, Song CW, Bischof JC (2006) Enhancement of tumor thermal therapy using gold nanoparticle-assisted tumor necrosis factor-alpha delivery. Mol Cancer Ther 5 1014—1020... 

Wing, E J. et al., Recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances monocyte cytotoxicity and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon in cancer patients, Blood, 73, 643, 1989. 

Dentener, M.A.et al., Role of tumor necrosis factor in the enhanced sensitivity of mice to endotoxin after exposure to lead, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 11, 321, 1989. 

The same principle was later applied by scientists at Immunex to enhance the pharmaceutical properties of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFr), which, like CD4, is rapidly cleared from blood. The hybrid TNFr-Fc molecule (-150 kDa), which is now known as Enbrel, is used to reduce the inflammatory responses of rheumatoid arthritis [33,34]. The hybrid TNFr-Fc bas extended the plasma half-life of TNFr from several minutes to 190 hours. 

The effect of echinacea on the immune system is controversial. In vivo human studies using commercially marketed formulations of E purpurea have shown increased phagocytosis, total circulating white blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells but not immunostimulation. In vitro, Epurpurea juice increased production of interleukins-1, -6, and -10, and tumor necrosis factor- by human macrophages. Enhanced natural killer cell activity and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity was also observed with E purpurea extract in cell lines from both healthy and immunocompromised patients. Studies using the isolated purified polysaccharides from Epurpurea have also shown cytokine activation. Polysaccharides by themselves, however, are unlikely to accurately reproduce the activity of the entire extract. 

Deeb D, Xu YX, Jiang H, Gao X, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA, Gautam SC. 2003. Curcumin (diferuloyl-methane) enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2 95-103. 

Marchetti L., Klein M., Schlett K., Pfizenmaier K., and Eisel U. L. M. (2004). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated neuroprotection against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is enhanced by N-metliyl-D-aspartate receptor activation-Essential role of a TNF receptor 2-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent NF-kB pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279 32869-32881. 

TCDD inhibits the terminal differentiation of B cells via alteration of an early activation event, perhaps increased protein phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity (Clark et al. 1991a Kramer et al. 1987 Luster et al. 1988 Morris et al. 1991). Macrophage functions, examined ex vivo, generally have been found to be resistant to suppression by 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Mantovani et al. 1980 Vos et al. 1978). There is also evidence suggesting that inflammatory cells may be activated by 2,3,7,8-TCDD via enhanced production of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor (Clark et al. 1991b Taylor etal. 1992). 

---