Triglycerides sources

Commercially available IVFEs provide calories and essential fatty acids. These products differ in triglyceride source, fatty acid content, and essential fatty acid concentration. 

Figure 10-3 The Course of Pancreatic Lipase Hydrolysis of Tricaprylin. MG = monoglycerides, DG = diglycerides, TG = triglycerides. Source. From A. Boudreau and J.M. deMan, The Mode of Action of Pancreatic Lipase on Milkfat Glycerides, Can. J. Biochem., Vol. 43, pp. 1799-1805, 1965.

Triglyceride sources which ceui be used as feed stock for sucrose surfactant production. There undoubtedly are many others which ceui be used. 

Various important aspects for the production of bioediesel need to be kept in mind, among them, the following (1) Bioediesel is a fuel to partially solve the energy problem, due to the limited triglyceride sources available. (2) It will be more... 

Lipases are competitive catalysts in comparison with acids and aUcah because a wide variety of triglyceride substrates can be used for the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel. An economically viable solution for biodiesel production is to use waste or useless fats as a triglyceride source (Gog et al., 2012). 

Eats and oils from a number of animal and vegetable sources are the feedstocks for the manufacture of natural higher alcohols. These materials consist of triglycerides glycerol esterified with three moles of a fatty acid. The alcohol is manufactured by reduction of the fatty acid functional group. A small amount of natural alcohol is also obtained commercially by saponification of natural wax esters of the higher alcohols, such as wool grease. 

Fatty acids derived from animal and vegetable sources generally contain an even number of carbon atoms siace they are biochemically derived by condensation of two carbon units through acetyl or malonyl coenzyme A. However, odd-numbered and branched fatty acid chains are observed ia small concentrations ia natural triglycerides, particularly mminant animal fats through propionyl and methylmalonyl coenzyme respectively. The glycerol backbone is derived by biospeciftc reduction of dihydroxyacetone. 

Chemical Composition. From the point of view of leathermaking, hides consist of four broad classes of proteins coUagen, elastin, albumen, and keratin (3). The fats are triglycerides and mixed esters. The hides as received in a taimery contain water and a curing agent. Salt-cured cattie hides contain 40—50% water and 10—20% ordinary salt, NaCl. Surface dirt is usuaUy about 2—5 wt %. Cattie hides have 5—15% fats depending on the breed and source. The balance of the hide is protein (1). 

Phospholipids. Phospholipids, components of every cell membrane, are active determinants of membrane permeabiUty. They are sources of energy, components of certain enzyme systems, and involved in Hpid transport in plasma. Because of their polar nature, phosphoUpids can act as emulsifying agents (42). The stmcture of most phosphoUpids resembles that of triglycerides except that one fatty acid radical has been replaced by a radical derived from phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base, eg, choline or serine. 

Although soaps have many physical properties in common with the broader class of surfactants, they also have several distinguishing factors. First, soaps are most often derived direcdy from natural sources of fats and oils (see Fats and fatty oils). Fats and oils are triglycerides, ie, molecules comprised of a glycerol backbone and three ester-linked fatty oils. Other synthetic surfactants may use fats and oils or petrochemicals as initial building blocks, but generally require additional chemical manipulations such as sulfonation, esterification, sulfation, and amidation. 

Carboxylate soaps are most commonly formed through either direct or indirect reaction of aqueous caustic soda, ie, alkaH earth metal hydroxides such as NaOH, with fats and oils from natural sources, ie, triglycerides. Fats and oils are typically composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules containing between 8 and 20 carbons randomly linked through ester bonds to a glycerol [56-81-5] backbone. Overall, the reaction of caustic with triglyceride yields glycerol (qv) and soap in a reaction known as saponification. The reaction is shown in equation 1. 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

The fatty adds commonly encountered in biological systems are straight chained alkanoic or alkenoic adds, containing an even number of carbon atoms (usually Ch-Ch). natural n Senera / these fatty adds can be produced readily by extraction of the lipids from sources natural sources and saponifying the neutral triglycerides. This is satisfactory providing a mixture of fatty acids is acceptable. Purification of spedfic fatty adds from the saponification mixture increases the costs considerably. 

An IV fat emulsion contains soybean or safflower oil and a mixture of natural triglycerides, predominately unsaturated fatty acids. It is used in the prevention and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency. It also provides nonprotein calories for those receiving TPN when calorie requirements cannot be met by glucose. Examples of intravenous fat emulsion include Intralipid 10% and 20%, Liposyn II 10% and 20%, and Liposyn III 10% and 20%. Fat emulsion is used as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for... 

Compared with the fatty alcohol sulfates, which are also oleochemically produced anionic surfactants, the ester sulfonates have the advantage that their raw materials are on a low and therefore cost-effective level of fat refinement. The ester sulfonates are produced directly from the fatty acid esters by sulfona-tion, whereas the fatty alcohols, which are the source materials of the fatty alcohol sulfates, have to be formed by the catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of fatty acids esters [9]. The fatty acid esters are obtained directly from the fats and oils by transesterification of the triglycerides with alcohols [10]. 

Intravenous lipid emulsions differ in their concentration (10%, 20%, and 30%), caloric density, natural source of lipids, and ratio of phospholipids to triglycerides (PL TG). Table 97-2 shows a comparison of commercially available intravenous lipid emulsions in the United States. The 10%, 20%, and 30% lipid emulsions provide 1.1 kcal/mL (4.6 kJ/mL), 2 kcal/mL (8.4 kJ/mL), and 3 kcal/mL (12.6 kJ/mL) with a PL TG of 0.12, 0.06 and 0.04 respectively. The lower PL TG indicates a lower phospholipid content and translates to abetter clearance of the 20% and 30% lipid emulsions compared with the 10% lipid emulsion.9 The 30% lipid emulsion is only approved for infusion in a TNA and should not be infused directly into patients. 

Olive oil was the original model lipid for partition studies, and was used by Overton in his pioneering research [518,524], It fell out of favor since the 1960s, over concerns about standardizing olive oil from different sources. At that time, octanol replaced olive oil as the standard for partition coefficient measurements. However, from time to time, literature articles on the use of olive oil appear. For example, Poulin et al. [264] were able to demonstrate that partition coefficients based on olive oil-water better predict the in vivo adipose-tissue distribution of drugs, compared to those from octanol-water. The correlation between in vivo log Kp (adipose tissue-plasma) and log (olive oil-water) was 0.98 (r2), compared to 0.11 (r2) in the case of octanol. Adipose tissue is white fat, composed mostly of triglycerides. The improved predictive performance of olive oil may be due to its triglyceride content. 

Recent work at Diversa [219] investigated use of alternate Rhodococcus strains as hosts for desulfurization genes. It was reported that R. opacus was the most suitable for the application. This was due to its ability to grow fast and use triglycerides as carbon source for production of reduced co-factors during the desulfurization process. 

Marine sponges have long been recognized as a source of novel lipids including unique branched and elongated fatty acids, often found incorporated into phospholipids, triglycerides, and sphingolipids [20-23]. 

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