Trichoderma species

Harman GE, CR Howell, A Viterbo, I Chet, M Lorita (2004) Trichoderma species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Revs Microbiol 2 43-56. 

Trichoderma species have a powerful set of well-characterized exoenzymes involved in the cellulolytic pathway exo-/ -l,4-glucanase which hydrolyzes amorphous and microcrystalline cellulose endo-/ -l,4-glucanase... 

L-Menthol (+D-men-thyl acetate) D, L-Menthyl acetate Penicillium species, Rhizopus species, Trichoderma species Refreshing, cooling, peppermint... 

Gliotoxin is a highly anti-fungal and anti-bacterial metabolite of several Glio-cladium and Trichoderma species such as T. viride as well as Aspergillus... 

A re-appraisal of the biosynthesis of the tricothecane-type sesquiterpenes is required in the light of labelling studies carried out by Hanson and co-workers. Incorporation of [2- C-4R,4- H]mevalonic acid into the culture medium of Tricothecium roseum and a Trichoderma species showed (a) that only two out of the three possible labels were incorporated in tricothecin [146, R = O, R = C(0)CH CH Me] and trichodermol (146, R = Hj, R = H) and (b) these tritium atoms were located at C-2 and C-10. Furthermore, on the basis of doublelabelling studies with [l.l- Hj, 2- C]- and [2- H,2- C]-farnesyl pyrophosphates, the authors concluded that cis,rrans-famesyl pyrophosphate is the preferred isomer for biosynthesis. 

The occurrence in Trichoderma species of the simple pyrones mentioned above is matched by a group of octaketides which have been isolated from T. koningii and T. harzianum. The first example of these was... 

Evidence for the biosynthesis of metabolites containing the 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone chromophore has been obtained. Ilicicolin H (92) is an antifungal metabolite firstly obtained from Cylindrocladium ilicicola [116] and subsequently isolated from a Gliocladium sp. [117, 118]. It is interesting to note that Gliocladium and Trichoderma species are closely related and have frequently been confused. The 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone... 

A range of biological activities have been ascribed to the Trichoderma isocyano metabolites. Their antibiotic activity extends to the inhibition of the growth of rumen bacteria with resulting nutritional deprivation of the animal [141,142]. Ovine ill-thrift, a condition in which sheep fail to thrive, has been linked to the ingestion of plant material infected with Trichoderma species which produce these compounds. However, it seems unlikely that the use of these fungi in the soil would lead to significant accumulation of these compounds in the plant. 

Although monoterpenes are known to be produced by fungi [183], there appears to be no example of such compounds isolated from biocontrol fungi. They have however been detected as head space components of cultures of Trichoderma species [184]. Sesquiterpenes are more common and several examples have been identified, although the antifungal activity of some of these has not yet been determined. The biosynthetically simplest examples are the cyclonerodiols (132-134). Cyclonerodiol (132)... 

A group of compounds 147-150, belonging to the trichothecenes class of sesquiterpenes, have been isolated from several Trichoderma species [216-222]. The first example identified was trichodermin (147), isolated from a strain of Trichoderma viride obtained from a soil sample from New Guinea [216], Trichodermin is active against a variety of pathogenic fungi Fomes annosus is the most susceptible and Fusarium oxysporum the most resistant [216, 219]. The newest member of this class (149) has been... 

Calistru, C., McLean, M., Beijak, P. (1997). In vitro studies on the potential for biological control of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme by Trichoderma species. Myco-pathologia, 137(2), 115-124. 

Isaka M, Prathumpai W, Wongsa P, Tanticharoen M (2006) Hirsutellone F, a Dimer of Antitubercular Alkaloids fimn the Seed Fungus Trichoderma Species BCC 7579. Org Lett 8 2815... 

Antifungal - in vitro (Agar plate) against Rhizopus oryzae, R. oligosporus, Trichoderma species at 200.0 pg/disc. 162 Antitrichomonal - in vitro (Agar plate, Trichomonas vaginalis) at 10.0 pg/disc. 163... 

Harman, E., Howell, R., Viterbo, A., Chet, 1. and Lorito, M. (2004) Trichoderma species - opportunistic, avimlent plant sjnnbionts. Nature Rev. 2, 43-56... 

The partial purification and characterization of an a-D-glucosidase from Pseudomonas fluorescens have been described. The synthesis and role of jS-D-glucosidase activity in a Trichoderma species in the saccharification of cellulose have been investigated. ... 

Neumann, K., Abdel-Lateff, A., Wright, A.D., Kehraus, S., Krick, A., and Konig, G.M. (2007) Novel sorbicillin derivatives with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from the sponge-derived fungus Trichoderma species. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2268-2275. 

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