Plant symbionts

Harman GE, CR Howell, A Viterbo, I Chet, M Lorita (2004) Trichoderma species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Revs Microbiol 2 43-56. 

Ludwig-Mliller J. From auxin homeostasis to understanding plant pathogen and plant symbiont interaction editor s research interests JPGR 2004 23 1-8. 

Improvement of Nutraceutical Value of fi C Food by Plant Symbionts O J... 

R. C. Snellgrove, W. E. Splitstoesser, D. B. Strubket, and P. B. Tinker. The distribution of carbon and the demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 69 15 (1982). 

D. A. Phillips, F. D. Dakora, E. Sande, C. Joseph, and J. Zon, Synthe.sis, release and transmission of alfalfa signals to rhizobial symbionts. Plant Soil 161 69 (1994). 

J. Lorquin, G. Lortet, M. Ferro, N. Mear, B. Dreyfus, J.-C. Prome, and C. Boivin, Nod factors from Sinorhizobium saheli and 5. teranga bv. sesbaniae are both arabi-nosylated and fucosylated, a structural feature specific to Sesbania rostrata symbionts. Molec. Plant Microbe Interact. I0 il9 (1997). 

Mycorrhizae Host plants Fungal symbionts Fungal structures... 

S. E. Smith and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39 221 (1988). 

As stated earlier, mycorrhizae enhance nutrient absorption. Greater soil exploitation by mycorrhizal roots as a means of increasing phosphate uptake is well established. The normal phosphate depletion zone around non-mycorrhizal roots is 1-2 mm, but an endomycorrhizal root symbiont increased this zone to 7 cm (140). This ability to increase the nutritional level (particularly with regard to phosphorus), and subsequently the overall better growth dynamics of the mycorrhizal plant has been suggested as the reason for the salt (43) and drought (44-46) tolerance and increased nodulation (47) observed in mycorrhizal associations. Another interesting aspect of this enhanced nutrient uptake is the possible effect of mycorrhizae on competitive ability between two plant species. Under some conditions, mycorrhizal... 

Tetratrophic interactions between a host plant, a phytophagous pest (primary host), a hymenopteran parasitoid or symbiont (secondary host) and a hymenopteran hyperparasitoid (which parasitizes the secondary host) are of considerable importance, because hyperparasitism can significantly reduce populations of economically beneficial parasitoids [11]. Hyperparasitoids use host-marking (=spacing) pheromones, sex pheromones [12], and host-detection cues [42], but they also show additional chemically mediated interactions with the other partners. These include detection of the primary host s secretions by the hyperparasitoid [43], detection of plant volatiles by the hyperparasitoid [44], and detection of the hyperparasitoid s secretions by the primary host [45] or by the secondary host. The latter causes the secondary host to avoid locations where the hyperparasitoid is foraging [46]. 

Thus, plants have a range of possibilities to influence the total P pool and the availability of P directly or via symbionts. The influence of plant species on... 

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