Penicillium species

Most mycotoxin-producing Penicillium species are primarily known as storage pathogens however, some may be found in the field environment and these will be addressed here. 

The tropolone alkaloid of Liliaceae species, colchicine, is transformed by acetylation, alkaline cyclization, and dehydration into the tetracyclic pyrrolotropone acetyl anhydrocolchicine [77TL2977 83AX(C)1709]. When the dicarboxylic acid anhydride groups of puberulonic and stipitatonic acids (metabolites of Penicillium species) condense with o-phenylenediamine, another tetracyclic pyrrolotropone structure is formed (51JCS1139 59JCS2847). 

Streptoverticillium album K-25l/ the antitumoral bis-indole alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine/ verruculogen, a very potent mycotoxin produced by several Penicillium species and melatonin, a hormone found in all living creatures from algae to humans, just to mention the most important ones. 

Kobayashi A, Hino T, Yata S, ItohTJ, Sato H, Kawazu K, Unique spindle poisons, curvularins and its derivatives, isolated from Penicillium species, Agric Biol Chem... 

Coprogen is a hnear trihydroxamate produced by Penicillium species and Neurospora crassa and was first isolated and characterized by Hesseltine and coworkers . Coprogens are predominantly produced by fungi species and frequently several coprogens are produced by the same species. Coprogen is composed of Af -acyl-A -hydroxy-L-ornithine, anhydromevalonic acid and acetic acid. 

Bogs, C., Battilani, P., and Geisen, R. (2006). Development of a molecular detection and differentiation system for ochratoxin A producing Penicillium species and its application to analyse the occurrence of Penicillium nordicum in cured meat. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 107, 39 7. 

Pedersen, L. H., Skouboe, P., Boysen, M., Soule, J., and Rossen, L. (1997). Detection of Penicillium species in complex food samples using the polymerase chain reaction. Int.. Food Microbiol. 35,169-177. 

Microbial and enzymic transformations of steroids have been reviewed. 5a-Pregnane-7,20-dione gave a reasonable yield of the la, 12/3-dihydroxy-derivative on incubation with Calonectria decora High yields of 10 8-hydroxy-19-nortes-tosterone were obtained by incubation of 19-nortestosterone with Rhizopus arr-hizus (Fischer 11). Oxidation of canrenone with a Penicillium species provided the 15a-hydroxy-derivative (348) which is a product of human metabolism of spironolactone.16j8-Hydroxylation of androstenolone, androst-4-ene-3,17-... 

Numata, A. Takahashi, C. Ito, Y. Minoura, K. Yamada, T. et al. (1996) Penochalasins, a novel class of cytotoxic cytochalasans from a Penicillium species separated from a marine alga. J. Ch n. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 239-45. 

Fungi (filamentous) 10-25 1-3 2-7 3-5 Some Aspergillus and Penicillium species contain 50% lipid... 

Such studies were extended to a-D-galactosidases of various origins intestinal bacteria, Penicillium species, germinated legume seeds (Vida, Medi-cago, and Trigonellum), molluscs, and mammalian kidney. 

Cellulolytic Activities for T. reesei Rut C30 and for Four Penicillium Species with Highest FPA After Cultivation in Shake Flasks"... 

BG activity was more than one order of magnitude higher for the four Penicillium species than BG activity resulting from cultivating T. reesei Rut C30. EG activity was one order of magnitude higher for T. reesei Rut C30 and P. brasilianum IBT 20888 than for the other three Penicillium species, which may provide an explanation for the lower FPA obtained from P. verruculosum IBT 18366, P. pinophilum IBT 10872, and P. minioluteum IBT 21486. 

The highest EX and AF activities were measured after cultivation of T. reesei Rut C30 on xylan, (59 and 0.42 U/mL, respectively) (Table 3). These activities were with a few exceptions almost twice as high as any of the activities obtained after cultivation of the Penicillium species. BX activity reached by far the highest activity after cultivation of T. reesei Rut C30 on cellulose. This was not the case for the Penicillium species that had the highest BX activity when they were cultivated on xylan. XA activity could not, like FPA, be fully explained by the individual xylanolytic enzymes, as demonstrated in a comparison of T. reesei Rut C30 and P. simplicissimum IBT 15303 after growth on cellulose. 

Krabben P, Nielsen J (1998) Modeling the mycelium morphology of Penicillium species in submerged cultures. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 60 125... 

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