Trichloroethane data

Figure 12.5.1 Estimation of AWPC at 15°C for 1,1,2-trichloroethane [data from Ref. 17].

Hepatic Effects. Although there were no indications of liver effects in studies of controlled human exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, data from case reports of overexposed humans suggest that this chemical may produce mild hepatic effects in humans exposed to high levels. 

Prirm, R., Cunnold, D., Simmonds, P., Alyea, F., Boldi, R., Crawford, A., Fraser, P., Gutzler, D., Hartley, D., Rosen, R., and Rasmussen, R. (1992). Global average concentration and trend for hydroxyl radicals deduced from ALE/GAGE trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) data for 1978-1990. /. Geovhys. Res. 97, 2445-2461. 

This method (EPA 1664) is a liquid-liquid extraction gravimetric procedure that employs n-hexane as the extraction solvent, in place of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (CFC-113) and/or 1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon-113), for determination of the conventional pollutant oil and grease. Because the nature and amount of material determined are defined by the solvent and by the details of the method used for extraction, oil and grease method-defined analytes are used. The method may be modified to reduce interferences and take advantage of advances in instrumentation provided that all method equivalency and performance criteria are met. However, n-hexane is a poor solvent for high-molecular-weight petroleum constituents (Speight, 1999, 2001). Thus, the method will produce erroneous data for samples contaminated with heavy oils. 

After these initial steps, TIQDT was tested for its capacity to screen environmentally relevant compounds. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), l,l-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were selected as they are usually considered to be TGFDs [52-55]. Reports concerning the effect of methyhnercury (MeHg) on thyroid function are contradictory [56-58]. Two environmentally relevant compounds with no reported effects on the thyroid system, fenoxicarb and atrazine [59, 60], were included as negative controls to assess the specificity of the assay. Our data strongly suggest that TIQDT may be... 

The genotoxic data are largely negative, although 1,1,1-trichloroethane was mutagenic in some Salrmnella assays and induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells and cell transformation in mammalian systems. ... 

Prinn, R., D. Cunnold, P. Simmonds, F. Alyea, R. Boldi, A. Crawford, P. Fraser, D. Gutzler, D. Hartley, R. Rosen, and R. Rasmussen, Global Average Concentration and Trend for Hydroxyl Radicals Deduced from ALE/GAGE Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform) Data for 1978-1990, . /. Geophys. Res., 97, 2445-2461 (1992). 

The data on 1,1,1-trichloroethane metabolism by animals are consistent with the human data. Approximately 90% of the inhaled dose is excreted unchanged in expired air, while the remainder is eliminated as COj in expired air and as trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in the urine (Ikeda Ohtsuji, 1972 Eben Kimmerle, 1974 Schumann et al., 1982a,b Koizumi et al., 1984). A similar pattern of metabolism and subsequent excretion occurred in acutely and chronically exposed mice the majority of... 

In attempting to correlate the human and animal data, Nolan et al. (1984) validated a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The model predicted greater absorption, blood levels and metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in rodents than in humans. On the basis of toxicokinetic data, rats were suggested to be a better model than mice to evaluate potential health effects in humans. 

No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane were available. 

In your kitchen (T= 25°C) you drop a small bottle with 20 mL of the solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform, MCF) that you use for cleaning purposes. The bottle breaks and the solvent starts to evaporate. The doors and the windows are closed. On your stove there is an open pan containing 2 L of cold olive oil. Furthermore, on the floor there is a large bucket that is filled with 50 L of water. The air volume of the kitchen is 30 m3. Calculate the concentration of MCF in the air, in the water in the bucket, and in the olive oil at equilibrium by assuming that the adsorption of MCF to any other phases/surfaces present in the kitchen can be neglected. Consider MCF as an apolar compound. You can find some important physical-chemical data in Appendix C and in Fig. 6.7. Comment on any assumption that you make. 

The point (a) is demonstrated by the data in Table 11 for 2-halobutanes which give three products 1-butene, cis-2-butene and frans-2-butene. The differences in selectivities can be even larger than indicated by these data. The dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane yields 1,2-dichloro-ethylene (I) and trans- and ci s-l,2-dichloroethylene (II). On silica—alumina, the value of the ratio I/II was 10 3, on alumina, 0.30 and on KOH— Si02,10 [66]. 

The influence of temperature on the ratio of the products of the dehydrochlorination of 2-chlorobutane is seen from Fig. 6 [190], Other examples may be found in the literature [190,194,195]. Some ratios are almost temperature-independent while some show large changes. Moreover, the data from various sources differ sometimes appreciably (cf. refs. 190 and 914 for 2-chlorobutane and refs. 66 and 195 for 1,1,2-trichloroethane). This might be caused by secondary isomerisation on strongly acidic catalysts of the olefins first formed such a reaction was proved at... 

A second method of determining the coefficient ( >,/5) and the intrinsic enrichment of the membrane Ea is to use Equation (4.11). The term ln(l — 1/E) is plotted against the permeate flux measured at constant feed solution flow rates but different permeate pressures or feed solution temperatures. This type of plot is shown in Figure 4.10 for data obtained with aqueous trichloroethane solutions in pervaporation experiments with silicone rubber membranes. 

Franceschini studied the effect of dioxane on the growth of chick embryo tibial buds. He found hypertrophic and vacuolized chondroblasts in diaphysis and a reappearance of mitosis in metaphysis of the tibia. Another study by Schwetz et al. showed a few terata in rats and mice when about 3-5% of dioxane was added to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The results are ambiguous in the latter case and of questionable relevance to humans in the former (chick) study (ref. 73, p. 117)- Dioxane is one of the industrial chemicals for which teratogenicity data have been evaluated (ref. 80, pp. 283-286 ref. 

Hydrolysis k = 1.2 M-1 s 1 for reaction at pH 7 and 25°C (Mabey et al. 1983 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) k = 4320 M-1 h-1 for base reaction at pH 9 and 25°C (Mabey et al. 1983 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) abiotic hydrolysis or dehydrohalogenation t,/2 = 384 months (Mabey et al. 1983 quoted, Olsen Davis 1990). Biodegradation aqueous aerobic t,/2 = 672-4320 h, based on acclimated river die-away rate data for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (Mudder 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991), unacclimated seawater (Pearson McConnell 1975 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and sub-soil grab sample data for a ground water aquifer for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (Wilson et al. 1983 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) aqueous anaerobic t,/2 = 2688-17280 h, based on aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991). 

The efficiency of the SCWO process for the destruction of EHMs was greater than 99.98%. Table 5 summarizes the data for EHM feed constituents, kerosene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), trichloroethane (TCA), and photographic simulant. 

Data from landfill sites with a documented contamination history were examined by Cline and Viste (1984). They observed that 1,1-dichloroethane was detected in groundwater at sites where the compound had not been handled or disposed of and concluded that 1,1-dichloroethane had been produced by anaerobic degradation of other compounds present, particularly 1,1,1 -trichloroethane. 

Fig. 2. Fit of the displacement for diffusion with memory to NMR spin-echo measurements in polymers. The data corresponds to the spin-echo signal from polysulfane-poly-butadiene copolymer in different solvents comprising a mixture of trichloroethane (TCE) and octane. The fits were obtained using Eq. (83).

Ay s ). Bardavid et al. ) reported positive deviations Ay for mixtures of 1,1.1.-trichloroethane and propanols at 298.15 K. Positive Ay s were also found for mixtures of 1-propanol and n-propylamine or n-butylamine ). The sign of Ay is determined by which of the two components preferentially enriches the surface (fig. 4.4b). An example of a convex y(x) curve, relating to hydrogen-bonding fluids, is given in fig. 4.9. The reader can find more data on the surface tension of mixtures in appendix 1, tables Al.16-18. 

Human data on both forms of trichloroethanes indicate that they are both rapidly and extensively absorbed upon inhalation, dermal, or gastrointestinal exposure. Animal studies show that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is metabolized slowly, but it is distributed by the blood to virtually all tissues and organs with a preference to fatty tissues. In humans and animals the principal pathway of elimination is by exhalation of the unchanged material via the lungs. The biological half-life is estimated to be 8.7h. Only very limited studies on distribution and elimination were available for 1,1,2-trichloroethane however, it is likely that these mechanisms are very similar to that of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 

There are no data in humans or in experimental animals indicating any potential for reproductive or developmental effects from exposure to either 1,1,1-or 1,1,2-trichloroethane. 

In 1989 a log solute hydrogen-bond basicity scale was constructed for 91 bases. It was scaled to 4-nitrophenol as hydrogen-bond donor in 1,1,1-trichloroethane (equations 38 and 39) and was explicitly targeted to the needs of the medicinal chemist. To this end, measurements were made in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, a solvent considered a better model for real biological phases than the non-polar tetrachloromethane. In addition, data are given for molecules of special interest to the medicinal chemist, for example many heterocycles never before investigated. The log and pA ne scales have a similar meaning and it is not unreasonable to find a fair correspondence between 24 common values (equation 40). 

You will find detailed information on the chemical properties of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes production data and the uses of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 

Data from case reports and surveys are useful, but concomitant exposure to other chemicals cannot be ruled out, and exposure concentrations and durations are rarely known. Although the actual levels of exposure that produced death are not known for any of these cases, some investigators used simulations to estimate the fatal exposure concentrations. Droz et al. (1982) performed detailed simulations of two fatalities from intentional 1,1,1-trichloroethane inhalation. The lethal concentration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane was estimated to be between 6,000 and 14,000 ppm in one case and between 10,000 and 20,000 ppm in the other. Simulation of the circumstances of deaths of two people exposed while using 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a solvent showed that concentrations < 6,400 ppm may have been generated in one case (Jones and Wnter 1983), and concentrations < 9,000 ppm may have been generated in the other (Silverstein 1983). Northfield (1981) reported a case in which a worker, whose death was attributed to respiratory failure, may have been exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentrations of 6,000 ppm or higher, depending on distance from the source. 

Reliable acute LCso values for death in each species are recorded in Table 2-1 and plotted in Figure 2-1. Acute exposure to high concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be lethal to humans and animals. The cause of death is usually either respiratory or cardiac failure. Limited human data and studies in animals indicate that long-term exposure to low or moderate 1,1,1- trichloroethane concentrations may not influence survival. 

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