Tribologically

KLAMECKI,B.E.- HANCHI,J. Wear Process Description Based on Acoustic Emission. Journal of Tribology, Vol.l 12, July 1990, p.469-476. 

Friction can now be probed at the atomic scale by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) (see Section VIII-2) and the surface forces apparatus (see Section VI-4) these approaches are leading to new interpretations of friction [1,1 a,lb]. The subject of friction and its related aspects are known as tribology, the study of surfaces in relative motion, from the Greek root tribos meaning mbbing. 

F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor, Friction, An Introduction to Tribology, Anchor Books, New York, 1973. 

D. H. Kaelble, Physical Chemistry of Adhesion, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. D. F. Moore, Principles arui Applications of Tribology, Peigamon, New York, 1975. 

See Chemical Engineering News, April 24, 1989, p. 37. la. W. N. Unertl and M. Grunze, Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Tribology, special issue, Langmuir, 12, 4481-4610 (1996). 

C. M. Mate, Atomic Scale Friction, in Handbook of MicrolNano Tribology, B. Bhushan, ed., CRC Press, 1995. 

The methods have in turn launched the new fields of nanoscience and nanoteclmology, in which the manipulation and characterization of nanometre-scale structures play a crucial role. STM and related methods have also been applied with considerable success in established areas, such as tribology [2], catalysis [3], cell biology [4] and protein chemistry [4], extending our knowledge of these fields into the nanometre world they have, in addition, become a mainstay of surface analytical laboratories, in the worlds of both academia and industry. 

Lateral force microscopy (LFM) has provided a new tool for the investigation of tribological (friction and wear) phenomena on a nanometre scale [110]. Alternatively known as friction force microscopy (FFM), this variant of AFM focuses on the lateral forces experienced by the tip as it traverses the sample surface, which... 

Overney R and Meyer E 1993 Tribological investigations using friction force microscopy MRS Bulletin XVIII-5 20... 

Using friction attaclnnents (see section (bl.20.2.4)). many remarkable discoveries related to tiiin-film and boundary lubrication have been made with the SEA. The dynamic aspect of confined molecules at a sliding interface has been extensively investigated and the SFA had laid the foundation for molecular tribology long before the AFM teclnhque was available. 

Luengo G ef a/1997 Thin film rheology and tribology of oonfined polymer melts oontrasts with bulk properties Macromolecules 30 2482-94... 

Giasson S, Israelaohvili J N and Yoshizawa H 1997 Thin film morphology and tribology study of mayonnaise J. Food Sc/. 62 640-4... 

Everson M P and Ohtani M 1998 New opportunities in automotive tribology Tribol. Lett. 5 1-12... 

Israelaohvili J N 1991 Intermolecular and Surface Forces (London Aoademio) The most often cited reference about surface forces and SFA. Hutohings I M 1992 Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials (London Arnold) A good introduction to tribology. 

Bhushan B 1999 Handbook of MIcro/Nano Tribology (Booa Raton, FL CRC)... 

The tenn tribology translates literally into the study of nibbing . In modem parlance this field is held to include four phenomena adhesion, friction, lubrication and wear. For the most part these are phenomena that occur between pairs of solid surfaces in contact with one another or separated by a thin fluid film. Adhesion describes the resistance to separation of two surfaces in contact to while friction describes their tendency to resist shearing. Lubrication is the phenomenon of friction reduction by the presence of a fluid (or solid) film between two surfaces. Finally, w>ear describes the irreversible damage or defonnation that occurs as a result of shearing or separation. 

Tribological phenomena have been known to mankind since prehistorical times when friction between wooden sticks was used to produce fire. The first historical record of tribology described the use of lubrication in the... 

The proportionality between nonnal and frietion forees is observed for many systems but is not founded in any basie physies. Mueh work in the field of tribology has been devoted to rationalizing the implieation that the frietion eoeffieient does not depend upon the apparent eontaet area between the two solid surfaees. For this reason the field of eontaet meehanies has always been intimately linked to tribology. 

One of the primary goals of current research in the area of tribology is to understand how it is that the kinetic energy of a sliding object is converted into internal energy. These dissipation mechanisms detennine the rate of energy flow from macroscopic motion into the microscopic modes of the system. Numerous mechanisms can be... 

Molecular dynamics (MD) metliods can be used to simulate tribological phenomena at a molecular level. These have been used primarily to simulate behaviour observed in AFM and SFA measurements. Such simulations are limited to short-timescale events, but provide a weaitli of infonnation and insight into tribological phenomena at a level of detail tliat cannot be realized by any experimental metliod. One of tire most interesting contributions of molecular dynamics... 

Krim J K 1998 Fundamentals of friction MRS Bull. 20-1 (related articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin describe the status of several sub-disciplines of tribology)... 

Bhushan B (ed) 1998 Tribology Issues and Opportunities in MEMS (Dordrecht Kluwer)... 

B. Bhushan, Tribology andMechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices, Springer-Vedag, New York, 1990. 

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