Tribology analytical techniques

Both zinc and iron sulfides have to be present in a mixed Fe/Zn polyphosphate matrix and iron sulfide is present in the more severe tribological conditions. The XANES analytical technique is considerably more chemically sensitive than XPS, and the degree of phosphate polymerization was quantified for sodium phosphate glasses (Fuller et al., 2002 Yin et al., 1995), zinc phosphate glasses (Kasrai et al., 1995), and the antiwear tribofilms. 

In boundary lubrication, solid surfaces are so close together that appreciable contact between opposing asperities is possible. Under these conditions, friction and wear are determined predominantly by interactions between the solid and the liquid phases [15]. The chemistry of friction surfaces and their state therefore determine their interaction with the lubricant components. However, this type of interaction, especially in industrial tribological systems, is very complex and difficult to explain, even applying the most modern analytical techniques. 

Most of the published work deals with films produced by these alternative additives to ZnDTPs under tribological and/or pure thermal conditions. Several analytical techniques have been employed to characterize the reaction layers, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [7, 12, 14, 25, 26], X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) [13, 21-24], X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy (X-PEEM) [24], scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [20, 21], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)... 

Historically, electron spectroscopy has matured In two separate but related areas. One has been the use of electron spectroscopy as applied to analytical problems, especially those that relate to surfaces, such as failure analysis, corrosion, catalysis, or tribology. In such studies, the technique Is often used In conjunction with other techniques such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED), secondary Ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), or Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Another related area Is the use of electron spectroscopy to examine the electronic structure of materials or chemical species. 

After 30 years of continuing investigation, the adsorption properties of the noble ses on metal and semiconductor surfaces have recently attracted renewed interest. On the one hand, some fundamental aspects have come within the reach of modem experimental and theoretical techniques, sueh as the very nature of physisorption and the noble gas - substrate interaction, the possibility to study growth and surface kinetics at the atomic scale, and the recent interest in nanoscale surface friction and related tribological issues, where noble gas adlayers serve as model systems [99P]. On the other hand, noble gas adsorption is being used as a non-destmctive and quantitative surface analytical tool as, for instance, in photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX) [97W] and for titration analysis of heterogeneous surfaees based on the site specificity of the interaction strength [96S, 98W]. 

Trennung separation Trennungsgang chem/analyt analytical (separation) procedure T renn verfahren/T rennmethode separation technique, separation procedure, separation method Trennwirkungsgrad separation efficiency Tribologic tribology Trichter funnel... 

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