An Introduction to Tribology

The factors of proportionality in laws (1) and (2) above are not necessarily related to the same operating parameters and it is possible to obtain heavy wear rates associated with low frictional forces. 

Friction is not always undesirable. For example, the stopping of an automobile relies on friction between the tires and the road and on friction within the braking mechanism. 

The function of a lubricant is to (1) prevent the moving interacting surfaces from coming into direct contact, (2) to provide an easily sheared interfacial film, (3) to remove the heat evolved in the process, and (4) to reduce wear of the surfaces. Solid lubricants can only satisfy (1), (2), and (4), but only hquids and gas can also satisfy (3). Lubricants can thus conveniently be classified into gaseous, hquids, and solids. 

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F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor, Friction, An Introduction to Tribology, Anchor Books, New York, 1973. 

This book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to tribology and CMP. A brief history of tribology is provided here to highlight the important roles this field has played in manufacturing technology development. The historical development of integrated circuits and CMP are introduced in the second half of this chapter. 

Bowden, F. P. Tabor, D. Friction - An Introduction to Tribology Robert E. Kriejger Publishing Company Malabar, FL, 1982, pp. 9-24. 

D. Summers-Smith, "An Introduction to Tribology in Industry", The Machinery Publishing Company, London, 1969. 

Dowson, D. (1981) Basic Tribology in An Introduction to the Bio-mechanics of Joints and Joint Replacement. Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd, London, England, pp. 49-60. 

Somorjai, G. A., Introduction to Surf ace Chemistry and Catalysis, Wiley, New York, 1994. (Undergraduate level. This in-depth treatment of surface chemistry and catalysis brings the experience and perspectives of a pioneer in the field to the general audience. The book is meant to be an introductory-level description of modern developments in the area for students at the junior level. However, it is also an excellent source of the current literature and contains numerous, extensive tables of data on kinetic parameters, surface structure of catalysts, and so on. Chapter 3, Thermodynamics of Surfaces, and Chapter 7, Catalysis by Surfaces, cover information relevant to the present chapter. Chapter 8 discusses applications in tribology and lubrication (not discussed in this chapter).)... 

Bhushan, Bharat Prindples and Applications of Tribology. New York John Wiley Sons, 1999. The introduction to this book, also available online, provides an excellent account of the history of tribology. Bhushan, Bharat, ed. Measurement Techniques and Nanomechanics. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics 1. Berlin Springer, 2011. Provides a concise overview of the conceptual history and principles of tribology. 

An extensive introduction, Introduction to Fatigue of Plastics and Elastomers, consists of the three chapters. The initial chapter focuses on fatigue, what it is, how it is measured, and how data are presented. The second chapter, Introduction to the Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers, focuses on tribology properties. The field of tribology is extensive so this... 

Carbon-based polymer nano composites represent an interesting type of advanced materials with structural characteristics that allow them to be applied in a variety of fields. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials provides homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial interaction when they are incorporated into polymer matrices. These features confer superior properties to the polymer nanocomposites. This chapter focuses on nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes and graphene due to their importance as reinforcement fillers in polymer nanocomposites. The most common methods of synthesis and functionalization of these carbon nanomaterials are explained and different techniques of nanocomposite preparation are briefly described. The performance achieved in polymers by the introduction of carbon nanofillers in the mechanical and tribological properties is highlighted, and the hardness and scratching behavior of the nanocomposites are also discussed. 

The introduction of a surface texture by laser ablation represents an effective design measure for developing more efficient sealing systems [507]. The application of a laser allows the preparation of either open (especially for shding bearings) or closed structures (mainly for mechanical seals), with dimensions down to the micrometer range. Tribological tests on a test rig [60 °C deionized water, pressure (p) = 48 bar, velocity (v) = 3.8 m s j with self-paired components, revealed still-intact structures and no detectable wear after 16 h for the textured component (circular structures of 200 pm diameter). In contrast, the untextured surface showed an... 

The nature of the polar end groups affects the tribological response of linear perfluoropolyalkyl ethers (PFPAE). The introduction of carboxyl, hydroxyl, or piperonyl end groups increases the ability of the PFPAE polymers to protect the substrate against wear [203]. The results suggest considerable interactions of polar end groups in an otherwise perfluorinated system. 

So far no mention has been made of the materials which are the subject of this review polymers, and in particular, organic polymers. There is an important reason for this belated introduction in many aspects of tribology the principle descriptive ideas are generally applicable to all solids. Organic polymers do, however, represent a good example of the general case. 

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