Triazines growth inhibition

Both atrazine and simazine are very important herbicides in production of warm-season turfgrass sod. Many alternatives to the triazines used in established turf cannot be used in sod production due to root growth inhibition. Normal triazine use rates are 2.2kg/ha followed by 1.1 kg/ha on established turfgrasses or sod, except 4.5kg/ha followed by 2.2 kg/ha on Florida muck soils. See product labels for detailed instructions. 

R. G. Booth, C. D. Selassie, C. Hansch, and D. V. Santi,. Med. Chem., 30, 1218 (1987). QSAR of Triazine-antifolate Inhibition of Leishmania DHFR and Cell Growth. 

Finally, indolo[l,2-r ]benzo[l,2,3]triazines 46 proved to be fairly potent and selective inhibitors of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, up to 80 times more potent than the reference drug streptomycin, and inhibited the growth of the above Gram-positive bacteria at concentrations far lower than those cytotoxic for animal cells <1999JME2561>. 

Carbofunctional organogermanium derivatives of. vym-lriazine exhibit immunodepressant properties133.1,3-Bis y -(triethylgermyl)propyl]-5-ft-cyanoethy 1-2,4,6-trioxo-1,3,5-triazine decreases the number of tymocytes 1.6-fold and significantly inhibits the growth of Sarcoma 45 in white mice. 

Azauracil [1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2,4)-dione] inhibits the growth of various micro-organisms. When grown in the presence of 6-azauracil- -C, Streptococcus jaecalis accumulates radioactive metabolites in the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. A major metabolite is D-ribofuranosyl-6-aza-uracil. This material is identical with material prepared by condensing tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride with the mercuric derivative of 6-azauracil, followed by debenzoylation. A second major metaboUte was tentatively shown to be D-ribosyl-6-azauracil 5-phosphate. Bacteria develop resistance against 6-azauracil and its D-ribosyl derivative. Resistant Streptococcus faecalis will not convert 6-azauracil to its D-ribosyl derivative or to other bound forms, and the bacterium has also lost the ability to incorporate uracil into the nucleic acids of its cells. 

Compounds of non-adenine structure were sought based on the considerations of steric similarities between A -substituted adenine and phenylurea and also between phenylurea, A-arylcarbamates and s-triazine herbicides. Many of the compounds found are known as inhibitors of photosystem 11 electron flow and some also inhibit the cytokinin-stimulated callus growth [36,37]. It has been concluded that phenylureas, s-triazines and V-arylcarbamates share the same place of action, which is the cytokinin receptor localized in chloroplasts [28]. 

Valko, K. and Siegel, P. (1992) Chromatographic separation and molecular modeling of triazines with respect to their inhibition of the growth of L1210/R71 cells. /. Chromat., 592, 59-63. 

It was also observed earlier that G-quadruplex ligands indueed more rapid effects on cell growth than that initially expected for telomerase inhibition alone. Apoptosis and short-term response were observed with triazine derivatives (12459, 115405), telomestatin, and more recently with the pyridine dicarboxamide derivatives (307A, 360A). " Telomestatin induced the activation of ATM and Chk2 that corresponded to an activation of the DNA damage response. 12459 induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and also provoked the early activation of P53. ... 

In higher plants altered photosynthetic electron transport in the triazine-resistant mutants (2, 3) has been correlated with slower growth and lower yield (jT). Experiments with Chlamydomonas, a unicellular alga, suggest that trlazine resistance is not necessarily associated with an alteration of the photosystem II electron transport kinetics ( 5). Selection of mutants resistant to other classes of photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, (e.g. dluron, bromacll) should also be feasible based on successful Isolation of such mutants in Chlamydomonas (16). 

CDAA (N-N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) was reported to reduce mitosis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots nearly 90% after 96 h at 57 yM (38). Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) totally inhibited mitosis in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tips after an 18 h treatment with 75 yM (3 ). At 20 yM cell division was reduced approximately 50% and cell enlargement was reduced 40% in oat coleoptiles (39). After 24 h, 100 yM ioxynil (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile) reduced the mitotic index in broad bean (Vicia faba L. ) and pea root tips ( ). Few herbicides that inhibit cell division have been studied in adequate detail to locate the site of the block. A notable exception is the herbicide chlorsulfuron (DPX 4189, 2-chloro-N- [(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl -benzenesulfonamide) ( ). Ray reported a 50% reduction in corn growth 3 h after treatment with 28 yM chlorsulfuron. Mitosis in broad bean root tips was significantly reduced by 2.8 yM, whereas in three different tests, cell enlargement was not influenced with concentrations of 28 yM. Thymidine incorporation into DNA was inhibited in corn root tips after a 1 h treatment with... 

In 2013, the chemistry of 1,2,3-triazines was poorly represented.There are only a few reports concerning the synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,3-tri-azine derivatives. Thus, a series of 1,2,3-benzotriazines 1 and pyrido[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazines 2 were prepared from triazines 3 and 4. The abilities of these compounds to inhibit VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial grotvth factor) kinase activity and the proliferation ofhuman microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) were determined. The triazines 2 exhibited good growth inhibitory effeas on MVECs and were considered worthy of further studies (13BMC7807). 

Simazine was introduced as an selective herbicide in 1959. The s-triazine derivative exhibits also algaecidal efficacy. Accordingly it is applied in ponds to inhibit the growth of algae and plants. As a paint film algaecide it has not gained importance. 

Pantera (1970) observed that linuron and Telvar (a conunercial preparation of monuron) both caused an inhibition of algal growth in two hght soils. Monuron was reported by Pantera to be more toxic than linuron or three triazine herbicides, atrazine, simazine, and prometryne. 

PiLLAY and Tchan (1972) observed that bromacil was more toxic to Chlorella NMI than were the triazines, atrazine, simazine, and atratone only 0.32 ppm was required for 50% inhibition of the growth of the alga. Cullimore (1975), in an extensive study of the influence of a range of herbicides (diuron, monuron, and linuron paraquat and diquat bromacil 2,4-DB, 2,4-DP, and 2,4,5-T barban and EPTC dicamba and 2,3,6-TBA dichlobenil and bromoxynil dalapon picloram) on 17 members of the Chlorophyceae, established bromacil to be one of the most toxic of these herbicides. Most sensitive of the algal genera were Hormid-ium and Haematococcus. 

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