Treatment of water

D. F. OUis and H. Al-Ekabi, eds., Photocataljtic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, Elsevier, New York, 1993. 

Appropriate chemical treatment of water (with corrosion inhibitors, dispersants, and filmers)... 

Simultaneous treatment of water with UV and ozone results in higher microorganism kill than independent treatment with both UV and ozone. 

Sludge or solid waste is unavoidably produced in the treatment of water containing suspended solids. There are, however different technologies that we can select among that will indeed concentrate these solids, and thereby reduce the volumes that we ultimately must dispose of. In addition, some sludge can be stabilized and treated, which can impart a low, but none-the-less marketable value to this waste. These technologies and practices do indeed constitute pollution prevention and waste minimization programs within water treatment plant operations, and they can... 

Figure 7-5. The European Vinyls Corporation process for producing vinyl chlo-rlde " (1) chlorination section, (2) oxychlorination reactor, (3) steam stripping and caustic treatment of water effluent, (4) EDC distillation, (5) pyrolysis furnace, (6,7,8) VCM and EDC separation, (10) by-product reactor.

Treatment of waters for boiler feed For most boilers, then, raw water from any of the above sources will require treatment followed by appropriate conditioning. In simple, low pressure plants, precipitation of the hardness salts, e.g. by lime or lime/soda, will be adequate. 

Physical devices (catalytic devices) for the nonchemical treatment of water and, more specifically, devices for scale prevention that employ magnetic fields have been part of the water treatment marketplace around the world since its earliest days. These devices include electronic, catalytic, electrostatic, and magnetic water treatments. There are also various other types of more recent alternative technologies (to chemical treatments) now available in the marketplace. These are being promoted for use in treating all types of MU water, FW, and BW. 

NOTE The British Standards Institution provided only a cursory mention of tannins in BS 2486 1978 (Treatment of Water for Land Boilers), but the 1997 revision (Treatment of Water for Steam Boilers and Water Heaters) refers quite extensively to tannins and their usefulness. 

BS 2486 Recommendations for Treatment of Water for Land Boilers, 2nd edition. British Standards Institution, 1978 (BS 2486 1978). 

ASB Technical Committee. The Treatment of Water for Shell Boilers, 4th edition. Association of Shell Boilermakers, UK, 1998. 

Other notaries are the Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modem Industrial Boilers (1994 edition), published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and BS 2486 1997 Recommendations for Treatment of Water for Steam Boilers and Water Heaters from the British Standards Institution. The 1994 Consensus (with its engineering background) and the 1997 version of BS 2486 (with its strength in operational chemistry) complement each other well. I consider that the tables and propositions contained in these two booklets jointly represent a true standard for boiler water treatment operational control. Consequently, I am pleased to be able to reproduce in this book all the tables from both publications, having received permission from the respective organizations to do so. 

The treatment of water-metal interactions deserves even more research. This is so because when a water molecule approaches a metal surface, two types of interactions can be envisaged. One of them is due to the polarization of the metal due to the partial charges that occur on the water molecule, and the other is due to overlap of the electronic clouds of the water molecules with the electronic cloud of the metal, called chemical interactions. For a water-Pt system, the latter predominate over the former, amounting to 90% of the total energy. 

A. Cavallaro, E. Curd, G. Galliano, M. Vicente, D. Crosta, and H. Leanza. Design of an acid stimulation system with chlorine dioxide for the treatment of water-injection wells. 7th SPE Latin Amer Caribbean Petrol Eng Conf (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3/25-3/28), 2001. 

E. V. Karaseva, S. N. Dedyukhina, and A. A. Dedyukhin. Treatment of water-based drilling solution to prevent microbial attack— by addition of dimethyl-tetrahydro-thiadiazine-thione bactericide. Patent RU 2036216-C, 1995. 

M. J. McGuire and I. H. Suffet, "Treatment of Water by Granular Activated Carbon", American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1983. 

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