Biological treatment of water

T15.3 Note that traditionally phosphates have been removed from sewage waters by precipitation. Recently, however, new methods have been developed, including biological treatment of waters. Try to analyse the chemical precipitation reactions, look at the metals used and issues related to each (including cost and potential side-effects). Any textbook covering water treatment and analysis will have both chemical and engineering sides of the process covered. 

On account of the high toxicity and considerable stability of phenols, these compounds lead to important problems in wastewater treatment. The biological treatment of water flows was inhibited by phenol at a concentration of 75 mg hydroquinone at a concentration of 15 mg 1 inhibited the biochemical treatment of wastewaters and the threshold concentration of the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the biological treatment was found to be 20 mg 1 - m-aminophenol at a concentration of 1 mg 1 inhibited the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and nitrification of wastewaters. 

Mukheijee, R., Nandi, B. (2004). Improvement of in vitro digestibility through biological treatment of water hyacinth biomass by two Pleurotus species. Inter-national Biodeterioration Biodegradation, 53,7-12. 

Cassidy DP, RL Irvine (1997) Biological treatment of a soil contaminated with diesel fuel using periodically operated slurry and solid phase reactors. Water Sci Technol 35(1) 185-192. 

Dagon, T.J. 1973. Biological treatment of photo processing effluents. Jour. Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 45 2123-2135. 

Dague, R.R. (1972), Fundamentals of odor control, J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 44, 583—595. Dobbins, W.E. (1956), The nature of the oxygen transfer coefficient in aeration systems. In B. J. McCabe and W. W. Eckenfelder Jr. (eds.), Section 2.1 of Biological Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp. 141-148. 

Relatively far from the present topic and well known, the on-line measurement of the physical and aggregate properties of wastewater does not present any problem. Conductivity, temperature, turbidity and oxido-reduction potential (ORP) are easily measured by well-designed sensors, because these parameters are also used for treatment process control. In practice, turbidity is more used for the treatment of natural water, and ORP for the biological treatment of wastewater. However, conductivity and temperature are often monitored at the same time as the other parameters in this section. 

Mudder TI, Whitlock JL. 1984. Biological treatment of cyanidation waste waters. Miner Metallurg Proc, Aug, pp. 161-165. 

Lee, J. C. and Buckley, P. S. In Biological Fluidised Bed Treatment of Water and Wastewater by Cooper, P. F. and Atkinson, B., (eds.), Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1981), 62. Fluid mechanics and aeration characteristics of fluidised beds. 

In water, neither volatilization nor sorption to sediments and suspended particulates is expected to be an important transport mechanism. Using the Henry s Law constant, a half-life of 88 days was calculated for evaporation from a model river 1 m deep with a current of 1 m/second, and with a wind velocity of 3 m/second (Lyman et al. 1982). The biological treatment of waste water containing phenol has shown that less than 1% of phenol is removed by stripping (Kincannon et al. 1983 Petrasek et al. 1983). 

Biological treatment of surface water in a wetland system contaminated with explosive... 

Mayabhate, S.P. Gupta, S.K. Joshi, S.G. Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. Water Air Soil. Poll. 1988, 38, 189-197. 

In any case the wastewater will finally be fed into rivers, lakes, or the sea thus some wastewater treatments have to be performed before the textile effluents are released either to the communal wastewater treatment plant (CWWT) or into the rivers, lakes, and so on. Normally physical and (bio-) chemical treatments (e.g., adjustment of pH, temperature, sedimentation, flocculation) are performed in the textile plant, while the following biological treatment (aerobic, anaerobic degradation) is performed either in the textile plant or in a CWWT. The site of the biological treatment is dependent on the location of the textile plant however, a biological treatment of textile effluents preceding release into surface water is state of the art. 

Hall, E.R. Randle, W.G. AOX removal from bleached Kraft mill wastewater. A comparison of three biological treatment processes. Water Set Technol. 1992, 26 (1-2), 387-396. 

Cooper, PE and Atkinson, B., (eds.), Biological fluidised bed treatment of water and wastewater, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1981. 

Olive WE Jr., Cobb HD, Atherton RM. 1976. biological treatment of cresylic acid laden waste water. In Sharpley JM, Kaplan AM, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd International Biodegradation Symposium, Barking, England. Appl Sci 381,388. 

The biological treatment of contaminated water is prehistoric. One could say that the treatment is a natural process of recycling. Part of the system involves the accumulation of water in ponds and lakes followed by the growth of carbon-eating microorganisms. The latter is a process of natural selection. In modem times, this model is used to treat water contaminated by the concentration of populations and industrial development. While the mechanism is the same, modem systems are set up to handle increasingly large loads. 

Kleinmann, R. L. P. Hedin, R. (1989). Biological treatment of mine water an update. In Tailings and Effluent Management, ed. M. E. Chalkley, B. R. Conrad, V. I. Lakshmanan K.G. Wheeland, pp. 173-9- New York Pergamon Press. 

Measurement of toxicity (biological analyses) The development of toxicity during chemical/biological treatment of waste waters was seldom assessed. Only in the last few years has the application of toxicity testing been reported more frequently (e. g. Diehl et al., 1995 Moerman et al., 1994 Jochimsen, 1997 Sosath, 1999). Moerman etal. (1994) showed that a toxicity balance around the whole process is important for combined chemical/biological treatment. It is not sufficient to assess the effect of ozonation alone (cf. chapter A 1). 

Jochimsen J C, Jekel M (1996) Partial oxidation effects during the combined oxidative and biological treatment of separated streams of tannery wastewater, in Clausthaler Umwelt-Akademie Oxidation of Water and Wastewater, A Vogelpohl (Hrsg.), Goslar 20.-22. Mai 1996. 

Stefess, G.C. 1998. Monitoring of environmental effects and process performance during biological treatment of sediment from the petroleum harbour in Amsterdam. Water Sci. Technol 37 395-402. 

---