Transportation issues explosions

Removing explosives from a person (i.e., entire body, from head to feet) and transporting the explosives to the preconcentrator is the design challenge for the sample collection system in a trace detection portal. Many concepts for sample collection in trace detection portals have been proposed over the years with several patents issued [16-25]. Among the different portal concepts are the exact method and efficiency with which the sample collection system removes and transports the explosives. These portal concepts have a sample collection system that can be quantified by i7r and tjc in the system model described in the preceding section on mathematical models. Concepts that contribute to how much explosive is collected from the person ( jr) and the amount collected by the sample collection system (17J include... 

Safety issues are not covered here. These are dealt with in Systems and Equipment book, and some fundamental issues will be taken up in the second edition of the Fundamentals book. The following aspects should be taken into account in system design fan safety AHU fire protection issues safety measures in mines, tunnels, underground car parks, etc. transportation of chemical and explosives. 

Complete issues are devoted to various aspects of the fire and explosion hazards associated with bulk storage and transportation of liquefied petroleum gases, including fire exposure tests, simulation and prediction of various effects with computer programs, and preventive measures [1] and actual incidents [2], Users should consult statutory requirements and codes of practice[3,4,5,6], A video training package is available [7]... 

A useful source of data on the safety record of the transportation of expls is the Office of Hazardous Materials News, Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. A European collection of data on industry connected accidents is said to have been collected by Dr Karl Trautzl (Ref 44). The Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board has issued two series of publications (Ref 26). The first are the proceedings of the Annual Explosives Safety Seminars. The second publication series are the abstracts of expl accidents. These reports are submitted voluntarily by both government and industry and are complete with descriptions of causes, damage and casualties. Incidents related to the Fireworks industry are reported annually in the Fire Journal (Ref 64)... 

Other powder issues are also important in delivering the food powder, and these include the ability to handle and transport ingredient powders, dust problems, dust fire and explosion hazards, allergy problems, creation of desirable powder particle properties, and the ability to dissolve these powders when required. Many of these issues are in common with other powders and much can be leamt from other industries dealing with powders. 

The mathematical model demonstrates the importance of sample collection (r/T), preconcentration (tjc), concentration (C), and detection (k) in a complete trace portal detection system. Of these three subsystems, the detector is the most understood. Considerable information is available that quantifies the sensitivity, specificity, and limits of detection (LOD) for a particular detection method when used for trace explosives detection [13-15], For trace detection portals, the selection of the detection method is based on performance, initial cost, and maintenance issues. The remaining subsystems (sample collection and preconcentration) are the most variable and least understood for their contribution to trace portal performance. Optimizing the explosive removal and transport in sample collection along with preconcentration will enhance the performance of the entire trace detection system. The sensitivity of the detector will help determine the performance needed from the sample collection and preconcentration. 

The total expected number of casualties will be an estimate. Many fac tors may affect the accuracy of this prediction, such as transportation difficulties and delays, security issues that may hinder access to vie tims, and multiple explosions or secondary effects of explosion (such as a building collapse). 

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