Design challenge

Atomic-scale devices already projected pose design challenges at tlie quantum mechanical level. The framework of quantum computing is now being discussed in research laboratories [48, 49]. 

With new plastics and processing techniques always becoming available, the design challenge becomes easier, even when taking today s solid-waste problem into account. Today s plastics and processes allow designers to incorporate and interrelate all the aspects of success. In products such as electronics, medical devices, transportation controls, and many others where user-friendly design is required, it has to be obvious to all that plastics play an important role. 

Polymers and copolymers are among the most beneficial materials produced by synthetic chemistry. The invention and commercialization of new polymeric materials with radical new properties provides an opportunity to monopolize the market and justify the expense involved in the research and development. The commercialization of new polymers or copolymers always presents scale-up and design challenges. Scientists have recently developed new polymeric materials whose commercial impact has yet to be realized. Examples are semiconductive and conductive polymers and amphiphilic dendritic block copolymers. Other promising materials, such as polymers for (targeted) drug delivery and... 

Gani, R. (2004) Chemical product design Challenges and opportunities, Computers and Chemical Engineering, 28(12), 2441-2457. 

These authors point out that these results emphasize the difficulty in achieving specific function with this system and highlight the necessity for very precise interactions between the coenzyme functionality and its environment to control and augment reactivity. Peptidyl systems may offer more control over the coenzyme environment as they are readily synthetically accessible and easily manipulated. However, generating stable peptidyl structures presents a significant design challenge. 

Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, et al. Design challenges and choices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 54 865-870. 

Bernkop-Schniirch, A., and M. Hornof. 2003. Intravaginal drug delivery systems Design, challenges, and solutions. Am J Drug Deliv 1 241. 

Design challenges for controlled release delivery systems... 

Hire removal from the fluidized bed in both systems has been a design challenge. Wire can compose up to 10 percent of a tire s weight.16 This wire does not change physical form in a fluidized bed boiler, and accumulates, inhibiting or even eliminating fluidization in the bed.16 Poor air/fuel distribution results, eventually causing the system to shut down.16... 

As before, the major design challenge in such LPCVD systems is to maintain uniform film quality and deposition rate on all wafers in the system. Since the reactant gas flow can deplete as It travels down the tube, it is not always easy to achieve this goal with tight tolerances. In some cases, changing the temperature along the tube can compensate for an axial change in deposition rate. 

Baillie TA. Future of toxicology - metabolic activation and drug design challenges and opportunities in chemical toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2006 19 889-893. 

Removing explosives from a person (i.e., entire body, from head to feet) and transporting the explosives to the preconcentrator is the design challenge for the sample collection system in a trace detection portal. Many concepts for sample collection in trace detection portals have been proposed over the years with several patents issued [16-25]. Among the different portal concepts are the exact method and efficiency with which the sample collection system removes and transports the explosives. These portal concepts have a sample collection system that can be quantified by i7r and tjc in the system model described in the preceding section on mathematical models. Concepts that contribute to how much explosive is collected from the person ( jr) and the amount collected by the sample collection system (17J include... 

What makes controller design challenging is that all real processes can be made closed loop unstable when a controller is implemented to steer the process to specified operating conditions. In other words, a process which is open loop stable and therefore will come to a new, although not the desired, steady state after a disturbance may become unstable when a controller is implemented to steer the process towards the desired steady state. Stability is therefore of vital concern in all control systems. 

Countries with large domestic coal reserves, such as China and South Africa, rely primarily on coal gasification to produce synthesis gas. This synthesis gas is hydrogen deficient (M < 2) and must undergo a further water-gas shift (WGS) step to yield a C02-rich mixture [2]. Methanol synthesis from C02 and C02-rich mixtures provides special catalyst and reactor design challenges, which will be further discussed in more detail. 

A rational zeolite design challenge the design and synthesis of a hypothetical 14 MR zeolite related to the high-silica zeolite SSZ-48... 

Individuals involved with these multidisciplinary and multitask projects must be prepared to work independently or to collaborate with other specialists in facing design challenges. In the latter case, communication is enhanced if each individual is able to speak the language of the other. Therefore, in this book we introduce a number of concepts that are not usually covered in standard solid-state chemistry textbooks. When this occurs, we try to follow the introduction of the concept with an appropriate worked example to demonstrate its use. Two areas that have lacked thorough coverage in most solid-state chemistry texts in the past, namely microstmcture and mechanical properties, are treated extensively in this book. 

---