Transport of sediments

Sediment load does not distribute uniformly through time. The transport of sediment is less constant and sporadic compared to the runoff, since floods typically... 

Soil with elevated content of these elements occurs along the Sacramento River in both levee and adjacent flood basin settings. We interpret that transport of sediment impacted by large metal sulfide mines located in the Klamath Mountains at the north end of the Valley has caused this pattern. 

A few other examples in which models may be used include ships in towing tanks airplanes in wind tunnels hydraulic turbines, centrifugal pumps, dam spillways, and river channels and the study of such phenomena as the action of waves and tides on beaches, soil erosion, and the transportation of sediment. It must be emphasized that the model may not necessarily be different in size from its prototype. In fact, it may be the same device, the variables in the case being the velocity and the physical properties of the fluid. 

Krone, R.B. (1962) Flume studies of the transport of sediment in estuarial shoaling processes. Univ. of California, Hydraulics and Engineering Lab. and Sanitarian Engineering Research Lab. Berkeley, pp. 110. 

Woodroffe, E. (1995) Transport of sediment in mangrove swamps. Hydrobiologia 295, 31-42. 

Experimental investigations of turbulence diffusion. A factor in transportation of sediment in open channel flow. J Applied Mechanics, 12 A91-A100. 

There are three chapters in this volume, two of which address the microscale. Ploehn and Russel address the Interactions Between Colloidal Particles and Soluble Polymers, which is motivated by advances in statistical mechanics and scaling theories, as well as by the importance of numerous polymeric flocculants, dispersants, surfactants, and thickeners. How do polymers thicken ketchup Adler, Nadim, and Brenner address Rheological Models of Suspensions, a closely related subject through fluid mechanics, statistical physics, and continuum theory. Their work is also inspired by industrial processes such as paint, pulp and paper, and concrete and by natural systems such as blood flow and the transportation of sediment in oceans and rivers. Why did doctors in the Middle Ages induce bleeding in their patients in order to thin their blood ... 

Sediment phosphorus extraction analyses show that hydrous iron oxides (extracted by (NH4)2C204) play a major role in the transport of sediment phosphorus. In northern areas of the Genesee River watershed calcium carbonate formation also appears to be Involved in phosphorus fixation. Ion activity product calculations for water column samples from the Genesee River consistently exhibit subsaturation with respect to the stable calcium phosphate phase, hydroxyapatite. Calcium carbonate, which can serve as a substrate for phosphate mineralization, shows an ion activity product below the solubility product in the Genesee River except during the summer low-rainfall season. 

The role of subducted sediment is particularly well documented for selected, high quality data on arc basalts in which the high Th/La component has Th/La identical to that in the subducting sediment column (Plank, 2003). Very efficient recycling of subducted thorium, together with subducted °Be (present only in surficial sediments), has also been taken as evidence for transport of sediment-derived thorium and beryllium in a partial melt, rather than an aqueous fluid (e.g., Johnson and Plank (1999), Kelemen et al. (1995a) but apparently in disagreement with Morris (see Chapter 2.11) and Schmidt and Poli (see Chapter 3.17). 

The main factors that operate may be summarized as (1) transport of dissolved compounds within the aqueous phase, (2) transport of sediment-and particle-associated compounds within the water mass, (3) diagenesis within the sediment phase, and (4) diffusion via the interstitial water from the sediment phase into the water mass. The relative quantitative significance of these will depend on a number of factors including the hydrological conditions, the organic components in the system, and the structure of the xenobiotic. 

Shear, H. Watson, A.E.P. (Eds.)(1977) The Fluvial Transport of Sediment-Associated Nutrients and Contaminants. Proc. Int. Workshop Kitchener/Ontario, Oct. 20-22, 1976. 309 p. Windsor/Ontario International Joint Commission. 

The transport of sediments is strongly related to hydrological and geo-morphological phenomena. The main processes to be considered are (Raud-kivi, 1976) (i) Erosion of the sediments from a bottom or a bank (ii) vertical transport of the particles in the body of the water in which it is carried (iii) horizontal transport by the flow (iv) deposition on the bottom, and (v) compaction (consolidation) of the deposit. In... 

Milliman JD, Ren M-E, Qin YS, and Saito Y (1987) Man s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers the Yellow River (Huanghe) example. 

Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp.1-301 Lan XH, Zhang XH, Zhang ZX (2005) Material sources and transportation of sediments in the SYS. Trans Oceanol Limnol 27(4) 53-60 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

Babcock, H.A. (1971). Heterogeneous flow of heterogeneous solids. Advances in solid-liquid flow in pipes and its application 125-146,1. Zandi, ed. Pergamon Press Oxford. Faddick, R.R., Babcock, H.A. (1971). Discussion of Sediment transport mechanics J Transportation of sediment in pipes. Journal of the Hydraulics Division ASCE 97(HY5) 745-748. 

Straub, L.G. (1936). Transportation of sediment in suspension. Civil Engineering 6(5) 321-323. Straub, L.G. (1938). New hydraulic laboratory at St. Anthony Falls. Engineering News-Record 12ipec.8) 725-726. 

IG waves are found to be responsible for many phenomena in the coastal zone, including formation of rip currents, wave setup, crescentic bars, beach cusps and other regular forms of coastal topographies, as well as transport of sediment materials. Being of high-frequency relative to meteorological waves, IG waves can induce seiches in comparatively small-scale semi-closed basins, such as ports and harbors, which have natural periods of a few minutes and which may pose a serious threat for large amplitude wave responses. 

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